{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T05:26:43Z","timestamp":1791955603522,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,15]],"date-time":"2015-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1442275200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,15]],"date-time":"2015-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1442275200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Perception can often be described as a statistically optimal inference process whereby noisy and incomplete sensory evidence is combined with prior knowledge about natural scene statistics. Previous evidence has shown that humans tend to underestimate the speed of unreliable moving visual stimuli. This finding has been interpreted in terms of a Bayesian prior favoring low speed, given that in natural visual scenes objects are mostly stationary or slowly-moving. Here we investigated whether an analogous tendency to underestimate speed also occurs in audition: even if the statistics of the visual environment seem to favor low speed, the statistics of the stimuli reaching the individual senses may differ across modalities, hence potentially leading to different priors. Here we observed a systematic bias for underestimating the speed of unreliable moving sounds. This finding suggests the existence of a slow-motion prior in audition, analogous to the one previously found in vision. The nervous system might encode the overall statistics of the world, rather than the specific properties of the signals reaching the individual senses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/srep14054","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,15]],"date-time":"2015-09-15T09:16:02Z","timestamp":1442308562000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Hearing in slow-motion: Humans underestimate the speed of moving sounds"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Irene","family":"Senna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cesare V.","family":"Parise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc O.","family":"Ernst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFsrep14054_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Dam, L. C. J., Parise, C. V. & Ernst, M. O. In Sensory Integration and The Unity Of Consciousness (eds D. Bennett & J. Trommersh\u00e4user ), 209\u2013229 (MIT press, 2014).","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/9780262027786.003.0010"},{"key":"BFsrep14054_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(82)90153-5","volume":"22","author":"P Thompson","year":"1982","unstructured":"Thompson, P. Perceived rate of movement depends on contrast. Vision Res. 22, 377\u2013380 (1982).","journal-title":"Vision Res."},{"key":"BFsrep14054_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(92)90209-2","volume":"32","author":"L Stone","year":"1992","unstructured":"Stone, L. & Thompson, P. Human speed perception is contrast dependent. Vision Res. 32, 1535\u20131549 (1992).","journal-title":"Vision Res."},{"key":"BFsrep14054_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1038\/33049","volume":"392","author":"RJ Snowden","year":"1998","unstructured":"Snowden, R. J., Stimpson, N. & Ruddle, R. A. Speed perception fogs up as visibility drops. Nature 392, 450 (1998).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFsrep14054_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1068\/p2722","volume":"28","author":"MR Blakemore","year":"1999","unstructured":"Blakemore, M. R. & Snowden, R. J. The effect of contrast upon perceived speed: a general phenomenon? Perception 28, 33\u201348 (1999).","journal-title":"Perception"},{"key":"BFsrep14054_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00031","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.00031","volume":"1","author":"P Pretto","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pretto, P., Bresciani, J. P., Rainer, G. & B\u00fclthoff, H. H. Foggy perception slows us down. eLife 1, e00031 (2012).","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"BFsrep14054_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1038\/nn0602-858","volume":"5","author":"Y Weiss","year":"2002","unstructured":"Weiss, Y., Simoncelli, E. & Adelson, E. Motion illusions as optimal percept. Nat. Neurosci. 5, 598\u2013604 (2002).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFsrep14054_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1669","volume":"9","author":"AA Stocker","year":"2006","unstructured":"Stocker, A. A. & Simoncelli, E. P. Noise characteristics and prior expectations in human visual speed perception. Nat. Neurosci. 9, 578\u2013585 (2006).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFsrep14054_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12087","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0804378105","volume":"105","author":"AE Welchman","year":"2008","unstructured":"Welchman, A. E., Lam, J. M. & B\u00fclthoff, H. H. Bayesian motion estimation accounts for a surprising bias in 3D vision. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105, 12087\u201312092 (2008).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFsrep14054_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2011.09.013","volume":"21","author":"G Sotiropoulos","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sotiropoulos, G., Seitz, A. R. & Seri\u00e8s, P. Changing expectations about speed alters perceived motion direction. Curr. Biol. 21, R883\u2013R884 (2011).","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"BFsrep14054_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03194544","volume":"63","author":"F Wichmann","year":"2001","unstructured":"Wichmann, F. & Hill, N. The psychometric function: I. Fitting, sampling and goodness of fit. Percept. Psychophys. 63, 1293\u20131313 (2001).","journal-title":"Percept. Psychophys."},{"key":"BFsrep14054_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(03)00047-3","volume":"13","author":"EP Simoncelli","year":"2003","unstructured":"Simoncelli, E. P. Vision and the statistics of the visual environment. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 13, 144\u2013149 (2003).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"BFsrep14054_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16849","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1108491108","volume":"108","author":"J Burge","year":"2011","unstructured":"Burge, J. & Geisler, W. S. Optimal defocus estimation in individual natural images. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 108, 16849\u201316854 (2011).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFsrep14054_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2831","volume":"14","author":"AR Girshick","year":"2011","unstructured":"Girshick, A. R., Landy, M. S. & Simoncelli, E. P. Cardinal rules: visual orientation perception reflects knowledge of environmental statistics. Nat. Neurosci. 14, 926\u2013932 (2011).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFsrep14054_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6104","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1322705111","volume":"111","author":"CV Parise","year":"2014","unstructured":"Parise, C. V., Knorre, K. & Ernst, M. O. Natural auditory scene statistics shapes human spatial hearing. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 111, 6104\u20136108 (2014).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFsrep14054_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Knill, D. & Richards, W. Perception as Bayesian Inference (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1996).","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511984037"},{"key":"BFsrep14054_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2557","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200108080-00053","volume":"12","author":"G Meyer","year":"2001","unstructured":"Meyer, G. & Wuerger, S. Cross-modal integration of auditory and visual motion signals. NeuroReport 12, 2557\u20132600 (2001).","journal-title":"NeuroReport"},{"key":"BFsrep14054_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1837","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7892611","volume":"267","author":"DL Gilden","year":"1995","unstructured":"Gilden, D. L., Thornton, T. & Mallon, M. W. 1\/f Noise in Human Cognition. Science 267, 1837\u20131839 (1995).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFsrep14054_CR19","first-page":"1","volume":"36","author":"M Kleiner","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kleiner, M., Brainard, D., Pelli, D. What\u2019s new in Psychtoolbox-3. Perception 36, 1\u201316 (2007).","journal-title":"Perception"},{"key":"BFsrep14054_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1436067","volume":"111","author":"S Carlile","year":"2002","unstructured":"Carlile, S. & Best, V. Discrimination of sound source velocity in human listeners. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 111, 1026\u20131035 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"BFsrep14054_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3703","DOI":"10.1121\/1.3502456","volume":"128","author":"FX F\u00e9ron","year":"2010","unstructured":"F\u00e9ron, F. X., Frissen, I., Boissinot, J. & Guastavino, C. Upper limits of auditory rotational motion perception. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 128, 3703\u20133714 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep14054","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep14054.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep14054.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]],"date-time":"2023-01-06T00:16:25Z","timestamp":1672964185000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep14054"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,15]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,26]]}},"alternative-id":["BFsrep14054"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep14054","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 January 2015","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 August 2015","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 September 2015","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing financial interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"14054"}}