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Little is known about the relationship between the distribution of ancient parasites and that of their human hosts. <jats:italic>Schistosoma japonicum<\/jats:italic> is one of the three major species of schistosome blood flukes causing the disease of schistosomiasis in humans. The parasite is prevalent in East and Southeast Asia, including the People\u2019s Republic of China, the Philippines and Indonesia. We studied the co-expansion of <jats:italic>S. japonicum<\/jats:italic> and its human definitive host. Phylogenetic reconstruction based on complete mitochondrial genome sequences showed that <jats:italic>S. japonicum<\/jats:italic> radiated from the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River to the mountainous areas of China, Japan and Southeast Asia. In addition, the parasite experienced two population expansions during the Neolithic agriculture era, coinciding with human migration and population growth. The data indicate that the advent of rice planting likely played a key role in the spread of schistosomiasis in Asia. Moreover, the presence of different subspecies of <jats:italic>Oncomelania hupensis<\/jats:italic> intermediate host snails in different localities in Asia allowed <jats:italic>S. japonicum<\/jats:italic> to survive in new rice-planting areas and concurrently drove the intraspecies divergence of the parasite.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/srep18058","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,21]],"date-time":"2015-12-21T10:25:53Z","timestamp":1450693553000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Co-dispersal of the blood fluke Schistosoma japonicum and Homo sapiens in the Neolithic Age"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Mingbo","family":"Yin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong-Xiang","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zheng","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donald P.","family":"McManus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Nong","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFsrep18058_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1418","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1404505","volume":"371","author":"S Baize","year":"2014","unstructured":"Baize, S. et al. 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