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The treatment involves monthly repeated intravitreal injections of VEGF inhibitors. VEGF is an important growth factor for many retinal cells, including different types of neurons. In this study, we investigated the adverse effect of multiple intravitreal anti-VEGF injections (200\u2009ng\/\u03bcl\/eye anti-mouse VEGF<jats:sub>164<\/jats:sub>, once every 2 weeks totalling 5\u20136 injections) to retinal neurons in Ins2<jats:sup>Akita<\/jats:sup> diabetic mice. Funduscopic examination revealed the development of cotton wool spot-like lesions in anti-VEGF treated Ins2<jats:sup>Akita<\/jats:sup> mice after 5 injections. Histological investigation showed focal swellings of retinal nerve fibres with neurofilament disruption. Furthermore, anti-VEGF-treated Ins2<jats:sup>Akita<\/jats:sup> mice exhibited impaired electroretinographic responses, characterized by reduced scotopic a- and b-wave and oscillatory potentials. Immunofluorescent staining revealed impairment of photoreceptors, disruptions of synaptic structures and loss of amacrine and retinal ganglion cells in anti-VEGF treated Ins2<jats:sup>Akita<\/jats:sup> mice. Anti-VEGF-treated WT mice also presented mild amacrine and ganglion cell death, but no overt abnormalities in photoreceptors and synaptic structures. At the vascular level, exacerbated albumin leakage was observed in anti-VEGF injected diabetic mice. Our results suggest that sustained intraocular VEGF neutralization induces retinal neurodegeneration and vascular damage in the diabetic eye.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/srep18316","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,16]],"date-time":"2015-12-16T11:23:27Z","timestamp":1450265007000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Sustained intraocular VEGF neutralization results in retinal neurodegeneration in the Ins2Akita diabetic mouse"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Jose R.","family":"Hombrebueno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Imran HA.","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heping","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFsrep18316_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1984.01040030398010","volume":"102","author":"R Klein","year":"1984","unstructured":"Klein, R., Klein, B. 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