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Significant differences were identified in the salivary microbiota and metabolome when Saharawi celiac children switched from African- to Italian-style dietary habits. An Italian-style gluten-free diet caused increases in the abundance of <jats:italic>Granulicatella<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Porphyromonas<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Neisseria<\/jats:italic> and decreases in <jats:italic>Clostridium, Prevotella<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Veillonella<\/jats:italic>, altering the \u2018salivary type\u2019 of the individuals. Furthermore, operational taxonomic unit co-occurrence\/exclusion patterns indicated that the initial equilibrium of co-occurring microbial species was perturbed by a change in diet: the microbial diversity was reduced, with a few species out-competing the previously established microbiota and becoming dominant. Analysis of predicted metagenomes revealed a remarkable change in the metabolic potential of the microbiota following the diet change, with increased potential for amino acid, vitamin and co-factor metabolism. High concentrations of acetone and 2-butanone during treatment with the Italian-style gluten-free diet suggested metabolic dysfunction in the Saharawi celiac children. The findings of this study support the need for a translational medicine pipeline to examine interactions between food and microbiota when evaluating human development, nutritional needs and the impact and consequences of westernisation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/srep18571","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,18]],"date-time":"2015-12-18T10:29:26Z","timestamp":1450434566000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["From an imbalance to a new imbalance: Italian-style gluten-free diet alters the salivary microbiota and metabolome of African celiac children"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Danilo","family":"Ercolini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruggiero","family":"Francavilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucia","family":"Vannini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"De Filippis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teresa","family":"Capriati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raffaella","family":"Di Cagno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Iacono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"De Angelis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Gobbetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFsrep18571_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g1561","volume":"348","author":"PD Mooney","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mooney, P. 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