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Defects in the VCS are often associated with life-threatening arrhythmias and also promote adverse remodeling in heart disease. We have previously established that the<jats:italic>Irx3<\/jats:italic>homeobox gene regulates rapid electrical propagation in the VCS by modulating the transcription of gap junction proteins Cx40 and Cx43. However, it is unknown whether other factors contribute to the conduction defects observed in<jats:italic>Irx3<\/jats:italic>knockout (<jats:italic>Irx3<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>) mice. In this study, we show that during the early postnatal period,<jats:italic>Irx3<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>mice develop morphological defects in the VCS which are temporally dissociated from changes in gap junction expression. These morphological defects were accompanied with progressive changes in the cardiac electrocardiogram including right bundle branch block. Hypoplastic VCS was not associated with increased apoptosis of VCS cardiomyocytes but with a lack of recruitment and maturation of ventricular cardiomyocytes into the VCS. Computational analysis followed by functional verification revealed that Irx3 promotes VCS-enriched transcripts targeted by Nkx2.5 and\/or Tbx5. Altogether, these results indicate that, in addition to ensuring the appropriate expression of gap junctional channels in the VCS,<jats:italic>Irx3<\/jats:italic>is necessary for the postnatal maturation of the VCS, possibly via its interactions with Tbx5 and Nkx2.5.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/srep19197","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,20]],"date-time":"2016-01-20T14:55:10Z","timestamp":1453301710000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Irx3 is required for postnatal maturation of the mouse ventricular conduction system"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Kyoung-Han","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Rosen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samer M. 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