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Seven serotypes of BoNTs designated as BoNT\/A-G have been identified. Recently, two novel types of Botulinum neurotoxins, which cleave a novel scissile bond, L<jats:sup>54<\/jats:sup>-E<jats:sup>55<\/jats:sup>, of VAMP-2 have been reported including BoNT\/F subtype F5 and serotype H. However, little has been known on how these BoNTs recognize their substrates. The present study addressed for the first time the unique substrate recognition mechanism of LC\/F5. Our data indicated that the optimal peptide required for efficient LC\/F5 substrate cleavage is VAMP-2 (20\u201365). Interestingly, the overall mode of substrate recognition adopted by LC\/F5 was similar to LC\/F1, except that its recognition sites were shifted one helix toward the N-terminus of VAMP-2 when compared to that of LC\/F1. The composition of LC\/F5 pockets were found to have changed accordingly to facilitate specific recognition of these new sites of VAMP-2, including the P2\u2032, P1\u2032, P2, P3, B3, B2 and B1 sites. The study provides direct evidence of the evolutionary adaption of BoNT to recognize its substrate which is useful for effective antitoxin and inhibitor development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/srep19875","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,22]],"date-time":"2016-01-22T09:55:50Z","timestamp":1453456550000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Mechanism of substrate recognition by the novel Botulinum Neurotoxin subtype F5"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Jiubiao","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edward Wai Chi","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sheng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFsrep19875_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20003","volume":"19","author":"FJ Erbguth","year":"2004","unstructured":"Erbguth, F. 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