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Currently, no study has been reported on the chronic cardiac toxicity of GNPs after repeated administration. Here we carried out a comprehensive evaluation of the chronic cardiac toxicity of GNPs to the heart. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) -coated GNPs at three different sizes (10, 30 and 50\u2009nm) or PBS was administrated to mice <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic> tail vein for 14 consecutive days. Then the mice were euthanized at 2 weeks, 4 weeks or 12 weeks after the first injection. The accumulation of GNPs in the mouse heart and their effects on cardiac function, structure, fibrosis and inflammation were analysized. GNPs with smaller size showed higher accumulation and faster elimination. None of the three sizes of GNPs affected cardiac systolic function. The LVIDd (left ventricular end-diastolicinner-dimension), LVMass (left ventricular mass) and HW\/BW (heart weight\/body weight) were significantly increased in the mice receiving 10\u2009nm PEG-GNPs for 2 weeks, but not for 4 weeks or 12 weeks. These results indicated that the accumulation of small size GNPs can induce reversible cardiac hypertrophy. Our results provide the basis for the further biomedical applications of GNPs in cardiac diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/srep20203","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,1]],"date-time":"2016-02-01T11:07:24Z","timestamp":1454324844000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Reversible cardiac hypertrophy induced by PEG-coated gold nanoparticles in mice"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Chengzhi","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aiju","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zijian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFsrep20203_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd2591","volume":"9","author":"RA Petros","year":"2010","unstructured":"Petros, R. 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