{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T05:16:21Z","timestamp":1790226981018,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,22]],"date-time":"2016-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1456099200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,22]],"date-time":"2016-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1456099200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36) is a membrane protein related to lipid metabolism. We show that HCV infection <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> increased CD36 expression in either surface or soluble form. HCV attachment was facilitated through a direct interaction between CD36 and HCV E1 protein, causing enhanced entry and replication. The HCV co-receptor effect of CD36 was independent of that of SR-BI. CD36 monoclonal antibodies neutralized the effect of CD36 and reduced HCV replication. CD36 inhibitor sulfo-N-succinimidyl oleate (SSO), which directly bound CD36 but not SR-BI, significantly interrupted HCV entry, and therefore inhibited HCV replication. SSO\u2019s antiviral effect was seen only in HCV but not in other viruses. SSO in combination with known anti-HCV drugs showed additional inhibition against HCV. SSO was considerably safe in mice. Conclusively, CD36 interacts with HCV E1 and might be a co-receptor specific for HCV entry; thus, CD36 could be a potential drug target against HCV.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/srep21808","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,22]],"date-time":"2016-02-22T09:49:03Z","timestamp":1456134543000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["CD36 is a co-receptor for hepatitis C virus E1 protein attachment"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Jun-Jun","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian-Rui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meng-Hao","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin-Lin","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhou-Yi","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen-Chen","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen-Jing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Huan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan-Xing","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin-Hua","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan-Xiang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan-Qing","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zong-Gen","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian-Dong","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFsrep21808_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2014.06.031","volume":"61","author":"J Dubuisson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dubuisson, J. & Cosset, F. L. Virology and cell biology of the hepatitis C virus life cycle: an update. J. Hepatol. 61, S3\u2013S13 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"BFsrep21808_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3098","volume":"11","author":"BD Lindenbach","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lindenbach, B. D. & Rice, C. M. The ins and outs of hepatitis C virus entry and assembly. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 11, 688\u2013700 (2013).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"BFsrep21808_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-13-187","volume":"13","author":"LT Lin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lin, L. T. et al. Broad-spectrum antiviral activity of chebulagic acid and punicalagin against viruses that use glycosaminoglycans for entry. BMC Microbiol. 13, 187 (2013).","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"BFsrep21808_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.25501","volume":"55","author":"A Albecka","year":"2012","unstructured":"Albecka, A. et al. Role of low-density lipoprotein receptor in the hepatitis C virus life cycle. Hepatology 55, 998\u20131007 (2012).","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"BFsrep21808_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.3390\/v6020875","volume":"6","author":"L Zona","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zona, L. et al. CD81-receptor associations\u2013impact for hepatitis C virus entry and antiviral therapies. Viruses 6, 875\u2013892 (2014).","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"BFsrep21808_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02199-08","volume":"84","author":"MT Catanese","year":"2010","unstructured":"Catanese, M. T. et al. Role of scavenger receptor class B type I in hepatitis C virus entry: kinetics and molecular determinants. J. Virol. 84, 34\u201343 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"BFsrep21808_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05654","volume":"446","author":"MJ Evans","year":"2007","unstructured":"Evans, M. J. et al. Claudin-1 is a hepatitis C virus co-receptor required for a late step in entry. Nature 446, 801\u2013805 (2007).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFsrep21808_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07684","volume":"457","author":"A Ploss","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ploss, A. et al. Human occludin is a hepatitis C virus entry factor required for infection of mouse cells. Nature 457, 882\u2013886 (2009).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFsrep21808_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1734","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.80.4.1734-1741.2006","volume":"80","author":"DM Tscherne","year":"2006","unstructured":"Tscherne, D. M. et al. Time- and temperature-dependent activation of hepatitis C virus for low-pH-triggered entry. J. Virol. 80, 1734\u20131741 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"BFsrep21808_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11571","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01717-06","volume":"80","author":"L Meertens","year":"2006","unstructured":"Meertens, L., Bertaux, C. & Dragic, T. Hepatitis C virus entry requires a critical postinternalization step and delivery to early endosomes via clathrin-coated vesicles. J. Virol. 80, 11571\u201311578 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"BFsrep21808_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10168","volume":"474","author":"M Dorner","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dorner, M. et al. A genetically humanized mouse model for hepatitis C virus infection. Nature 474, 208\u2013211 (2011).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFsrep21808_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.2220\/biomedres.32.143","volume":"32","author":"K Hikosaka","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hikosaka, K. et al. Expression of human factors CD81, claudin-1, scavenger receptor, and occludin in mouse hepatocytes does not confer susceptibility to HCV entry. Biomed. Res. 32, 143\u2013150 (2011).","journal-title":"Biomed. Res."},{"key":"BFsrep21808_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2793","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01818-10","volume":"85","author":"Y Tong","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tong, Y. et al. Tupaia CD81, SR-BI, claudin-1, and occludin support hepatitis C virus infection. J. Virol. 85, 2793\u20132802 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"BFsrep21808_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12427","volume":"501","author":"M Dorner","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dorner, M. et al. Completion of the entire hepatitis C virus life cycle in genetically humanized mice. Nature 501, 237\u2013241 (2013).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFsrep21808_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2341","volume":"17","author":"J Lupberger","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lupberger, J. et al. EGFR and EphA2 are host factors for hepatitis C virus entry and possible targets for antiviral therapy. Nat. Med. 17, 589\u2013595 (2011).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"BFsrep21808_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2581","volume":"18","author":"B Sainz Jr.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sainz, B., Jr. et al. Identification of the Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 cholesterol absorption receptor as a new hepatitis C virus entry factor. Nat. Med. 18, 281\u2013285 (2012).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"BFsrep21808_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10777","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1301764110","volume":"110","author":"DN Martin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Martin, D. N. & Uprichard, S. L. Identification of transferrin receptor 1 as a hepatitis C virus entry factor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 110, 10777\u201310782 (2013).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFsrep21808_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001130","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001130","volume":"6","author":"NS Eyre","year":"2010","unstructured":"Eyre, N. S., Drummer, H. E. & Beard, M. R. The SR-BI partner PDZK1 facilitates hepatitis C virus entry. PLoS Pathog. 6, e1001130 (2010).","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"BFsrep21808_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2011.02.029","volume":"105","author":"C Martin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Martin, C. et al. CD36 as a lipid sensor. Physiol. Behav. 105, 36\u201342 (2011).","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"BFsrep21808_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"re3","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.272re3","volume":"2","author":"RL Silverstein","year":"2009","unstructured":"Silverstein, R. L. & Febbraio, M. CD36, a scavenger receptor involved in immunity, metabolism, angiogenesis, and behavior. Sci. Signal. 2, re3 (2009).","journal-title":"Sci. Signal."},{"key":"BFsrep21808_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1177\/0192623311422078","volume":"40","author":"S Nishikawa","year":"2012","unstructured":"Nishikawa, S., Sugimoto, J., Okada, M., Sakairi, T. & Takagi, S. Gene expression in livers of BALB\/C and C57BL\/6J mice fed a high-fat diet. Toxicol. Pathol 40, 71\u201382 (2012).","journal-title":"Toxicol. Pathol"},{"key":"BFsrep21808_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13001","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.24.13001-13014.2002","volume":"76","author":"KJ Blight","year":"2002","unstructured":"Blight, K. J., McKeating, J. A. & Rice, C. M. Highly permissive cell lines for subgenomic and genomic hepatitis C virus RNA replication. J. Virol. 76, 13001\u201313014 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"BFsrep21808_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2010.222844","volume":"60","author":"ME Miquilena-Colina","year":"2011","unstructured":"Miquilena-Colina, M. E. et al. Hepatic fatty acid translocase CD36 upregulation is associated with insulin resistance, hyperinsulinaemia and increased steatosis in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and chronic hepatitis C. Gut 60, 1394\u20131402 (2011).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"BFsrep21808_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/1758-5996-5-51","volume":"5","author":"T Himoto","year":"2013","unstructured":"Himoto, T. et al. Investigation of the factors associated with circulating soluble CD36 levels in patients with HCV-related chronic liver disease. Diabetol. Metab. Syndr. 5, 51 (2013).","journal-title":"Diabetol. Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"BFsrep21808_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2893.2012.01641.x","volume":"20","author":"S Petta","year":"2013","unstructured":"Petta, S. et al. High sCD36 plasma level is associated with steatosis and its severity in patients with genotype 1 chronic hepatitis C. J. Viral. Hepat. 20, 174\u2013182 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Viral. Hepat."},{"key":"BFsrep21808_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1722","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21994","volume":"46","author":"MB Zeisel","year":"2007","unstructured":"Zeisel, M. B. et al. Scavenger receptor class B type I is a key host factor for hepatitis C virus infection required for an entry step closely linked to CD81. Hepatology 46, 1722\u20131731 (2007).","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"BFsrep21808_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2350","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.110.207498","volume":"30","author":"A Zimman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zimman, A. & Podrez, E. A. Regulation of platelet function by class B scavenger receptors in hyperlipidemia. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 30, 2350\u20132356 (2010).","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"BFsrep21808_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15547","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M113.473298","volume":"288","author":"O Kuda","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kuda, O. et al. Sulfo-N-succinimidyl oleate (SSO) inhibits fatty acid uptake and signaling for intracellular calcium via binding CD36 lysine 164: SSO also inhibits oxidized low density lipoprotein uptake by macrophages. J. Biol. Chem. 288, 15547\u201315555 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"BFsrep21808_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e37633","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0037633","volume":"7","author":"A Geloen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Geloen, A. et al. CD36 inhibitors reduce postprandial hypertriglyceridemia and protect against diabetic dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis. PLoS One 7, e37633 (2012).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"BFsrep21808_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2011.01.022","volume":"46","author":"YX Wang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wang, Y. X. et al. Synthesis and structure-activity relationship of N-(2-arylethyl) isoquinoline derivatives as human scavenger receptor CD36 antagonists. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 46, 1066\u20131073 (2011).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"BFsrep21808_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1126\/science.285.5424.110","volume":"285","author":"V Lohmann","year":"1999","unstructured":"Lohmann, V. et al. Replication of subgenomic hepatitis C virus RNAs in a hepatoma cell line. Science 285, 110\u2013113 (1999).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFsrep21808_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.25665","volume":"56","author":"S Liu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Liu, S. et al. Human apolipoprotein E peptides inhibit hepatitis C virus entry by blocking virus binding. Hepatology 56, 484\u2013491 (2012).","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"BFsrep21808_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e99","DOI":"10.1038\/emm.2014.38","volume":"46","author":"YM Park","year":"2014","unstructured":"Park, Y. M. CD36, a scavenger receptor implicated in atherosclerosis. Exp. Mol. Med. 46, e99 (2014).","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"BFsrep21808_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI14006","volume":"108","author":"M Febbraio","year":"2001","unstructured":"Febbraio, M., Hajjar, D. P. & Silverstein, R. L. CD36: a class B scavenger receptor involved in angiogenesis, atherosclerosis, inflammation, and lipid metabolism. J. Clin. Invest. 108, 785\u2013791 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"BFsrep21808_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.626135","volume":"114","author":"A Handberg","year":"2006","unstructured":"Handberg, A., Levin, K., Hojlund, K. & Beck-Nielsen, H. Identification of the oxidized low-density lipoprotein scavenger receptor CD36 in plasma: a novel marker of insulin resistance. Circulation 114, 1169\u20131176 (2006).","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"BFsrep21808_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2011.02442.x","volume":"271","author":"A Handberg","year":"2012","unstructured":"Handberg, A. et al. Plasma sCD36 is associated with markers of atherosclerosis, insulin resistance and fatty liver in a nondiabetic healthy population. J. Intern. Med. 271, 294\u2013304 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"BFsrep21808_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2007.02.044","volume":"355","author":"KH Kim","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kim, K. H. et al. HCV core protein induces hepatic lipid accumulation by activating SREBP1 and PPARgamma. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 355, 883\u2013888 (2007).","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"BFsrep21808_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/0959-437X(95)80025-5","volume":"5","author":"P Tontonoz","year":"1995","unstructured":"Tontonoz, P., Hu, E. & Spiegelman, B. M. Regulation of adipocyte gene expression and differentiation by peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 5, 571\u2013576 (1995).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev."},{"key":"BFsrep21808_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vph.2004.08.003","volume":"41","author":"AC Nicholson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Nicholson, A. C. & Hajjar, D. P. CD36, oxidized LDL and PPAR gamma: pathological interactions in macrophages and atherosclerosis. Vascul. Pharmacol. 41, 139\u2013146 (2004).","journal-title":"Vascul. Pharmacol."},{"key":"BFsrep21808_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)32377-4","volume":"41","author":"J Feng","year":"2000","unstructured":"Feng, J. et al. Induction of CD36 expression by oxidized LDL and IL-4 by a common signaling pathway dependent on protein kinase C and PPAR-gamma. J. Lipid. Res. 41, 688\u2013696 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Lipid. Res."},{"key":"BFsrep21808_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1997.7755","volume":"240","author":"RF Thorne","year":"1997","unstructured":"Thorne, R. F. et al. CD36 forms covalently associated dimers and multimers in platelets and transfected COS-7 cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 240, 812\u2013818 (1997).","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"BFsrep21808_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2014.07.011","volume":"93","author":"JF Glatz","year":"2015","unstructured":"Glatz, J. F. Lipids and lipid binding proteins: a perfect match. Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids 93, 45\u201349 (2015).","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids"},{"key":"BFsrep21808_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2011","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01888-08","volume":"83","author":"S Liu","year":"2009","unstructured":"Liu, S. et al. Tight junction proteins claudin-1 and occludin control hepatitis C virus entry and are downregulated during infection to prevent superinfection. J. Virol. 83, 2011\u20132014 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"BFsrep21808_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4591","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02144-06","volume":"81","author":"T Schaller","year":"2007","unstructured":"Schaller, T. et al. Analysis of hepatitis C virus superinfection exclusion by using novel fluorochrome gene-tagged viral genomes. J. Virol. 81, 4591\u20134603 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"BFsrep21808_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20021756","volume":"197","author":"B Bartosch","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bartosch, B., Dubuisson, J. & Cosset, F. L. Infectious hepatitis C virus pseudo-particles containing functional E1-E2 envelope protein complexes. J. Exp. Med. 197, 633\u2013642 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"BFsrep21808_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7271","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0832180100","volume":"100","author":"M Hsu","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hsu, M. et al. Hepatitis C virus glycoproteins mediate pH-dependent cell entry of pseudotyped retroviral particles. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100, 7271\u20137276 (2003).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFsrep21808_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI0214596","volume":"109","author":"T Hajri","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hajri, T., Han, X. X., Bonen, A. & Abumrad, N. A. Defective fatty acid uptake modulates insulin responsiveness and metabolic responses to diet in CD36-null mice. J. Clin. Invest. 109, 1381\u20131389 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"BFsrep21808_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1613910","volume":"83","author":"H Yanai","year":"2000","unstructured":"Yanai, H., Chiba, H., Morimoto, M., Jamieson, G. A. & Matsuno, K. Type I CD36 deficiency in humans is not associated with insulin resistance syndrome. Thromb. Haemost. 83, 786 (2000).","journal-title":"Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"BFsrep21808_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3721","DOI":"10.2174\/138161212802002760","volume":"18","author":"S Cho","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cho, S. CD36 as a therapeutic target for endothelial dysfunction in stroke. Curr. Pharm. Des. 18, 3721\u20133730 (2012).","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"BFsrep21808_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2429","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp1006613","volume":"364","author":"HR Rosen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rosen, H. R. Clinical practice. Chronic hepatitis C infection. N. Engl. J. Med. 364, 2429\u20132438 (2011).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"BFsrep21808_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"JC11","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-161-10-201411180-02011","volume":"161","author":"RL Koretz","year":"2014","unstructured":"Koretz, R. L. ACP Journal Club: review: telaprevir, boceprevir, simeprevir, or sofosbuvir improves response in HCV type 1. Ann. Intern. Med. 161, JC11 (2014).","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"BFsrep21808_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.27375","volume":"61","author":"EF Donaldson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Donaldson, E. F., Harrington, P. R., O\u2019Rear, J. J. & Naeger, L. K. Clinical evidence and bioinformatics characterization of potential hepatitis C virus resistance pathways for sofosbuvir. Hepatology 61, 56\u201365 (2015).","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"BFsrep21808_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-9-245","volume":"9","author":"S Paolucci","year":"2012","unstructured":"Paolucci, S. et al. Naturally occurring mutations to HCV protease inhibitors in treatment-naive patients. Virol. J. 9, 245 (2012).","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"BFsrep21808_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.5493\/wjem.v2.i2.7","volume":"2","author":"M Hassan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hassan, M. et al. Hepatitis C virus-host interactions: Etiopathogenesis and therapeutic strategies. World J. Exp. Med. 2, 7\u201325 (2012).","journal-title":"World J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"BFsrep21808_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1371006","volume":"34","author":"D Rupp","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rupp, D. & Bartenschlager, R. Targets for antiviral therapy of hepatitis C. Semin. Liver Dis. 34, 9\u201321 (2014).","journal-title":"Semin. Liver Dis."},{"key":"BFsrep21808_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2011.01.005","volume":"89","author":"YP Wang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wang, Y. P. et al. Oxymatrine inhibits hepatitis B infection with an advantage of overcoming drug-resistance. Antiviral Res. 89, 227\u2013231 (2011).","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"BFsrep21808_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23766","volume":"52","author":"ZG Peng","year":"2010","unstructured":"Peng, Z. G. et al. Small molecular compounds that inhibit hepatitis C virus replication through destabilizing heat shock cognate 70 messenger RNA. Hepatology 52, 845\u2013853 (2010).","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"BFsrep21808_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5876-9-137","volume":"9","author":"CV Ichim","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ichim, C. V. & Wells, R. A. Generation of high-titer viral preparations by concentration using successive rounds of ultracentrifugation. J. Transl. Med. 9, 137 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"BFsrep21808_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24160","volume":"53","author":"ZG Peng","year":"2011","unstructured":"Peng, Z. G. et al. Host apolipoprotein B messenger RNA-editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide-like 3G is an innate defensive factor and drug target against hepatitis C virus. Hepatology 53, 1080\u20131089 (2011).","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"BFsrep21808_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0121608","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0121608","volume":"10","author":"YP Zhu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhu, Y. P. et al. Host APOBEC3G protein inhibits HCV replication through direct binding at NS3. PLoS One 10, e0121608 (2015).","journal-title":"PLoS One"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep21808.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep21808","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep21808.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]],"date-time":"2023-01-05T03:36:47Z","timestamp":1672889807000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep21808"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,22]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,26]]}},"alternative-id":["BFsrep21808"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep21808","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 May 2015","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 January 2016","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 February 2016","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing financial interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"21808"}}