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We describe the first application of genetic immunization to a structurally diverse set of membrane proteins to show that immunization of mice with DNA alone produced antibodies against 71% (n\u2009=\u200917) of the bacterial and viral targets. Antibody production correlated with prior reports of target immunogenicity in host organisms, underscoring the efficiency of this DNA-gold micronanoplex approach. To generate each antigen for antibody characterization, we also developed a simple <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> membrane protein expression and capture method. Antibody specificity was demonstrated upon identifying, for the first time, membrane-directed heterologous expression of the native sequences of the FopA and FTT1525 virulence determinants from the select agent <jats:italic>Francisella tularensis<\/jats:italic> SCHU S4. These approaches will accelerate future structural and functional investigations of therapeutically-relevant membrane proteins.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/srep21925","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,24]],"date-time":"2016-02-24T11:13:13Z","timestamp":1456312393000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Polyclonal Antibody Production for Membrane Proteins via Genetic Immunization"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Debra T.","family":"Hansen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark D.","family":"Robida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felicia M.","family":"Craciunescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrey V.","family":"Loskutov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katerina","family":"D\u00f6rner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John-Charles","family":"Rodenberry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tien L.","family":"Olson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hetal","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petra","family":"Fromme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn F.","family":"Sykes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFsrep21925_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2013.07.010","volume":"1838","author":"I Moraes","year":"2014","unstructured":"Moraes, I., Evans, G., Sanchez-Weatherby, J., Newstead, S. & Stewart, P. 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