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Larvae of <jats:italic>Zygaena filipendulae<\/jats:italic> (Lepidoptera) secrete viscous and cyanogenic glucoside-containing droplets, whose effectiveness was associated with their physical and chemical properties. The droplets glued mandibles and legs of potential predators together and immobilised them. Droplets were characterised by a matrix of an aqueous solution of glycine-rich peptides (H-WG<jats:sub>11<\/jats:sub>-NH<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) with significant amounts of proteins and glucose. Among the proteins, defensive proteins such as protease inhibitors, proteases and oxidases were abundant. The neurotoxin \u03b2-cyanoalanine was also found in the droplets. Despite the presence of cyanogenic glucosides, which release toxic hydrogen cyanide after hydrolysis by a specific \u03b2-glucosidase, the only \u03b2-glucosidase identified in the droplets (ZfBGD1) was inactive against cyanogenic glucosides. Accordingly, droplets did not release hydrogen cyanide, unless they were mixed with specific \u03b2-glucosidases present in the <jats:italic>Zygaena<\/jats:italic> haemolymph. Droplets secreted onto the cuticle hardened and formed sharp crystalline-like precipitates that may act as mandible abrasives to chewing predators. Hardening followed water evaporation and formation of antiparallel \u03b2-sheets of the peptide oligomers. Consequently, after mild irritation, <jats:italic>Zygaena<\/jats:italic> larvae deter predators by viscous and hardening droplets that contain defence proteins and \u03b2-cyanoalanine. After severe injury, droplets may mix with exuding haemolymph to release hydrogen cyanide.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/srep22407","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,4]],"date-time":"2016-03-04T10:19:53Z","timestamp":1457086793000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Lepidopteran defence droplets - a composite physical and chemical weapon against potential predators"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Stefan","family":"Pentzold","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mika","family":"Zagrobelny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bekzod","family":"Khakimov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00f8ren Balling","family":"Engelsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henrik","family":"Clausen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bent Larsen","family":"Petersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonas","family":"Borch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Birger Lindberg","family":"M\u00f8ller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00f8ren","family":"Bak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFsrep22407_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12062","volume":"89","author":"DR Nelsen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nelsen, D. 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