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Here, we functionally characterize\n                    <jats:italic>CaCDPK15<\/jats:italic>\n                    in the defense signaling mediated by CaWRKY40. Pathogen-responsive TGA, W, and ERE boxes were identified in the\n                    <jats:italic>CaCDPK15<\/jats:italic>\n                    promoter (p\n                    <jats:italic>CaCDPK15<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), and p\n                    <jats:italic>CaCDPK15<\/jats:italic>\n                    -driven GUS expression was significantly enhanced in response to RSI and exogenously applied salicylic acid, methyl jasmonate, abscisic acid, and ethephon. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) of\n                    <jats:italic>CaCDPK15<\/jats:italic>\n                    significantly increased the susceptibility of pepper to RSI and downregulated the immunity-associated markers\n                    <jats:italic>CaNPR1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>CaPR1<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>CaDEF1<\/jats:italic>\n                    . By contrast, transient\n                    <jats:italic>CaCDPK15<\/jats:italic>\n                    overexpression significantly activated hypersensitive response associated cell death, upregulated the immunity-associated marker genes, upregulated\n                    <jats:italic>CaWRKY40<\/jats:italic>\n                    expression, and enriched CaWRKY40 at the promoters of its targets genes. Although CaCDPK15 failed to interact with CaWRKY40, the direct binding of CaWRKY40 to p\n                    <jats:italic>CaCDPK15<\/jats:italic>\n                    was detected by chromatin immunoprecipitation, which was significantly potentiated by RSI in pepper plants. These combined results suggest that RSI in pepper induces\n                    <jats:italic>CaCDPK15<\/jats:italic>\n                    and indirectly activates downstream\n                    <jats:italic>CaWRKY40<\/jats:italic>\n                    , which in turn potentiates\n                    <jats:italic>CaCDPK15<\/jats:italic>\n                    expression. This positive-feedback loop would amplify defense signaling against RSI and efficiently activate strong plant immunity.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/srep22439","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,1]],"date-time":"2016-03-01T08:36:57Z","timestamp":1456821417000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["CaCDPK15 positively regulates pepper responses to Ralstonia solanacearum inoculation and forms a positive-feedback loop with CaWRKY40 to amplify defense signaling"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Lei","family":"Shen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheng","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaqi","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiayu","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanyan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiazhi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lanping","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiong","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cailing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yangwen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaoliang","family":"Mou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiqin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanyang","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deyi","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuilin","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFsrep22439_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2809","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.111.087346","volume":"23","author":"JW Moore","year":"2011","unstructured":"Moore, J. 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