{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T10:42:58Z","timestamp":1788172978795,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,1]],"date-time":"2016-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1456790400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,1]],"date-time":"2016-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1456790400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The aim of the present study was to evaluate sleep and mood disorders in patients with irritating ocular diseases. The study design was a cross-sectional\/case-control study conducted in six eye clinics. Out of 715 outpatients diagnosed with irritating ocular surface diseases and initially enrolled, 301 patients with dry eye disease (DED) and 202 age-matched control participants with other ocular surface diseases were analyzed. The mean Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) scores were 6.4\u2009\u00b1\u20093.2 and 11.1\u2009\u00b1\u20095.7 for severe DED (n\u2009=\u2009146), 5.5\u2009\u00b1\u20093.3 and 9.8\u2009\u00b1\u20094.0 for mild DED (n\u2009=\u2009155), 5.5\u2009\u00b1\u20093.1 and 9.5\u2009\u00b1\u20096.6 for chronic conjunctivitis (n\u2009=\u2009124), and 5.0\u2009\u00b1\u20093.3 and 8.9\u2009\u00b1\u20095.3 for allergic conjunctivitis (n\u2009=\u200978). There were significant differences among these diagnostic groups for PSQI (\n                    <jats:italic>P\u2009<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt;\u20090.05). Regression analysis of patients with DED revealed the PSQI and HADS scores were significantly correlated with the severity of DED (\n                    <jats:italic>P\u2009<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt;\u20090.05). Our results demonstrate that sleep quality in patients with DED is significantly worse than in patients with other irritating ocular surface diseases and it is correlated with the severity of DED.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/srep22480","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,1]],"date-time":"2016-03-01T07:54:50Z","timestamp":1456818890000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["Sleep and mood disorders in dry eye disease and allied irritating ocular diseases"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Masahiko","family":"Ayaki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Motoko","family":"Kawashima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuno","family":"Negishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taishiro","family":"Kishimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masaru","family":"Mimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuo","family":"Tsubota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFsrep22480_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-010-0812-2","volume":"54","author":"Y Mizuno","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mizuno, Y., Yamada, M. & Miyake Y. Dry Eye Survey Group of the National Hospital Organization of Japan. Association between clinical diagnostic tests and health-related quality of life surveys in patients with dry eye syndrome. Jpn. J. Ophthalmol. 54, 259\u2013265 (2010).","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"BFsrep22480_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ico.0000133997.07144.9e","volume":"23","author":"KK Nichols","year":"2004","unstructured":"Nichols, K. K., Nichols, J. J. & Mitchell, G. L. The lack of association between signs and symptoms in patients with dry eye disease. Cornea 23, 762\u2013770 (2004).","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"BFsrep22480_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3275","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-13000","volume":"55","author":"M Kaido","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kaido, M. et al. Dry-eye screening by using a functional visual acuity measurement system: the Osaka Study. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 55, 3275\u20133281 (2014).","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"BFsrep22480_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2014.01.001","volume":"157","author":"A L\u00f3pez-Miguel","year":"2014","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Miguel, A. et al. Dry eye exacerbation in patients exposed to desiccating stress under controlled environmental conditions. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 157, 788\u2013798 (2014).","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"BFsrep22480_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s40135-013-0009-1","volume":"1","author":"M Uchino","year":"2013","unstructured":"Uchino, M. & Schaumberg, D. A. Dry eye disease: Impact on quality of life and vision. Curr. Ophthalmol. Rep. 1, 51\u201357 (2013).","journal-title":"Curr. Ophthalmol. Rep."},{"key":"BFsrep22480_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S81515","volume":"11","author":"M Ayaki","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ayaki, M., Kawashima, M., Negishi, K. & Tsubota, K. High prevalence of sleep and mood disorders in dry eye patients: survey of 1,000 eye clinic visitors. Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat. 11, 889\u2013894 (2015).","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat."},{"key":"BFsrep22480_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0123299","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0123299","volume":"10","author":"M Kawashima","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kawashima, M. et al. Associations between subjective happiness and dry eye disease: A new perspective from the Osaka Study. PLoS One 10, e0123299 (2015).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"BFsrep22480_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(89)90047-4","volume":"28","author":"DJ Buysse","year":"1989","unstructured":"Buysse, D. J. et al. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry. Res. 28, 193\u2013213 (1989).","journal-title":"Psychiatry. Res."},{"key":"BFsrep22480_CR9","first-page":"755","volume":"13","author":"Y Doi","year":"1998","unstructured":"Doi, Y., Minowa, M., Utiyama M. & Ohkawa, M. Development of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index Japanese version. Seishinka Chiryogaku 13, 755\u2013763. In Japanese. (1998).","journal-title":"Seishinka Chiryogaku"},{"key":"BFsrep22480_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x","volume":"67","author":"AS Zigmond","year":"1983","unstructured":"Zigmond, A. S. & Snaith, R. P. The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 67, 361\u2013370 (1983).","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"key":"BFsrep22480_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1093\/jjco\/28.5.333","volume":"28","author":"A Kugaya","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kugaya, A., Akechi, T. & Okuyama, T. Screening for psychological distress in Japanese cancer patients. Jpn. J. Clin. Oncol. 28, 333\u2013338 (1998).","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"BFsrep22480_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7525-3-65","volume":"3","author":"Y Suzukamo","year":"2005","unstructured":"Suzukamo, Y. et al. Psychometric properties of the 25-item National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire (NEI VFQ-25), Japanese version. Health Qual. Life Outcomes. 3, 65 (2005).","journal-title":"Health Qual. Life Outcomes."},{"key":"BFsrep22480_CR13","first-page":"97","volume":"4","author":"JA Horne","year":"1976","unstructured":"Horne, J. A. & Ostberg, O. A self-assessment questionnaire to determine morningness-eveningness in human circadian rhythms. Int. J. Chronobiol. 4, 97\u2013110 (1976).","journal-title":"Int. J. Chronobiol."},{"key":"BFsrep22480_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.06.052","volume":"119","author":"S Kinoshita","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kinoshita, S. et al. Rebamipide Ophthalmic Suspension Phase II Study Group. Rebamipide (OPC-12759) in the treatment of dry eye: a randomized, double-masked, multicenter, placebo-controlled phase II study. Ophthalmology. 119, 2471\u20132478 (2012).","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"key":"BFsrep22480_CR15","first-page":"181","volume":"24","author":"J Shimazaki","year":"2007","unstructured":"Shimazaki, J., Tsubota, K., Kinoshita, S. & Ohashi, Y. Definition and diagnosis of dry eye 2006. Atarashii Ganka 24, 181\u2013184. In Japanese (2007).","journal-title":"Atarashii Ganka"},{"key":"BFsrep22480_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-011-0099-y","volume":"56","author":"Y Uchino","year":"2012","unstructured":"Uchino, Y. et al. Changes in dry eye diagnostic status following implementation of revised Japanese dry eye diagnostic criteria. Jpn. J. Ophthalmol. 56, 8\u201313 (2012).","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"BFsrep22480_CR17","first-page":"124","volume":"1","author":"AA Monjan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Monjan, A. A. Perspective on sleep and aging. Front. Neurol. 1, 124 (2010).","journal-title":"Perspective on sleep and aging. Front. Neurol."},{"key":"BFsrep22480_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-010-9154-6","volume":"21","author":"K Crowley","year":"2011","unstructured":"Crowley, K. Sleep and sleep disorders in older adults. Neuropsychol. Rev. 21, 41\u201353 (2011).","journal-title":"Neuropsychol. Rev."},{"key":"BFsrep22480_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwq371","volume":"173","author":"NH Rod","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rod, N. H. et al. Sleep disturbances and cause-specific mortality: Results from the GAZEL cohort study. Am. J. Epidemiol. 173, 300\u2013309 (2011).","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"BFsrep22480_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2014.12.019","volume":"159","author":"N Yokoi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yokoi, N. et al. Importance of tear film instability in dry eye disease in office workers using visual display terminals: the Osaka study. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 159, 748\u2013754 (2015).","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"BFsrep22480_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.118.9.1264","volume":"118","author":"SE Moss","year":"2000","unstructured":"Moss, S. E., Klein, R. & Klein, B. E. Prevalence of and risk factors for dry eye syndrome. Arch. Ophthalmol. 118, 1264\u20131268 (2000).","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"BFsrep22480_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/S1542-0124(11)70034-9","volume":"9","author":"J Wong","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wong, J., Lan, W., Ong, L. M. & Tong, L. Non-hormonal systemic medications and dry eye. Ocul. Surf. 9, 212\u2013226 (2011).","journal-title":"Ocul. Surf."},{"key":"BFsrep22480_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2013-303838","volume":"97","author":"A Labb\u00e9","year":"2013","unstructured":"Labb\u00e9, A. et al. Dry eye disease, dry eye symptoms and depression: the Beijing Eye Study. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 97, 1399\u20131403 (2013).","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"BFsrep22480_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e3182261590","volume":"31","author":"W Wen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wen, W. et al. Dry eye disease in patients with depressive and anxiety disorders in Shanghai. Cornea 31, 686\u2013692 (2012).","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"BFsrep22480_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2012.02.009","volume":"154","author":"A Galor","year":"2012","unstructured":"Galor, A. et al. Depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and dry eye syndrome: a study utilizing the national United States Veterans Affairs administrative database. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 154, 340\u2013346 (2012).","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"BFsrep22480_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3109\/02713683.2010.519850","volume":"36","author":"M Li","year":"2011","unstructured":"Li, M., Gong, L., Sun, X. & Chapin, W. J. Anxiety and depression in patients with dry eye syndrome. Curr. Eye Res. 36, 1\u20137 (2011).","journal-title":"Curr. Eye Res."},{"key":"BFsrep22480_CR27","first-page":"111","volume":"115","author":"M Mrugacz","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mrugacz, M. et al. Dry eye disease in patients treated with antidepressants. Klin Oczna. 115, 111\u2013114 (2013). In Polish.","journal-title":"Klin Oczna."},{"key":"BFsrep22480_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0b013e3182474548","volume":"32","author":"KB Digre","year":"2012","unstructured":"Digre, K. B. & Brennan, K. C. Shedding light on photophobia. J. Neuroophthalmol. 32, 68\u201381 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Neuroophthalmol."},{"key":"BFsrep22480_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2009.07.018","volume":"145","author":"EA Moulton","year":"2009","unstructured":"Moulton, E. A., Becerra, L. & Borsook, D. An fMRI case report of photophobia: activation of the trigeminal nociceptive pathway. Pain 145, 358\u2013363 (2009).","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"BFsrep22480_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.02.030","volume":"122","author":"CP Gracitelli","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gracitelli, C. P. et al. Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cell activity is associated with decreased sleep quality in patients with glaucoma. Ophthalmology 122, 1139\u20131148 (2015).","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"BFsrep22480_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.5665\/SLEEP.1242","volume":"34","author":"L Kessel","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kessel, L., Siganos, G., J\u00f8rgensen, T. & Larsen, M. Sleep disturbances are related to decreased transmission of blue light to the retina caused by lens yellowing. Sleep 34, 1215\u20131219 (2011).","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"BFsrep22480_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Subcommittee of the International Dry Eye WorkShop. The definition and classification of dry eye disease: report of the Definition and Classification Subcommittee of the International Dry Eye WorkShop (DEWS). Ocul Surf. 5, 75\u201392 (2007).","DOI":"10.1016\/S1542-0124(12)70081-2"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep22480.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep22480","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep22480.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,4]],"date-time":"2023-01-04T22:54:07Z","timestamp":1672872847000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep22480"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,1]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,21]]}},"alternative-id":["BFsrep22480"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep22480","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 September 2015","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 February 2016","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 March 2016","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing financial interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"22480"}}