{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T02:14:31Z","timestamp":1791252871154,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,3]],"date-time":"2016-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1456963200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,3]],"date-time":"2016-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1456963200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Patients with schizophrenia have often been described as insensitive to nociceptive signals, but objective evidence is sparse. We address this question by combining subjective behavioral and objective neurochemical and neurophysiological measures. The present study involved 21 stabilized and mildly symptomatic patients with schizophrenia and 21 control subjects. We applied electrical stimulations below the pain threshold and assessed sensations of pain and unpleasantness with rating scales, and Somatosensory Evoked Potentials (SEPs\/EEG). We also measured attention, two neurochemical stress indices (ACTH\/cortisol), and subjective VEPs\/EEG responses to visual emotional stimuli. Our results revealed that, subjectively, patients\u2019 evaluations do not differ from controls. However, the amplitude of EEG evoked potentials was greater in patients than controls as early as 50\u2009ms after electrical stimulations and beyond one second after visual processing of emotional pictures. Such responses could not be linked to the stress induced by the stimulations, since stress hormone levels were stable. Nor was there a difference between patients and controls in respect of attention performance and tactile sensitivity. Taken together, all indices measured in patients in our study were either heightened or equivalent relative to healthy volunteers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/srep22542","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,3]],"date-time":"2016-03-03T10:12:18Z","timestamp":1456999938000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Neurophysiological responses to unpleasant stimuli (acute electrical stimulations and emotional pictures) are increased in patients with schizophrenia"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"C\u00e9line Z.","family":"Duval","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yannick","family":"Goumon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V\u00e9ronique","family":"Kemmel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00fcrgen","family":"Kornmeier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Dufour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Andlauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre","family":"Vidailhet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierrick","family":"Poisbeau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Salvat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Muller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayiko\u00e9 G.","family":"Mensah-Nyagan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Schmidt-Mutter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Giersch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFsrep22542_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ingram, R. E. & Luxton, D. D. in Development of psychopathology: A vulnerability-stress perspective (eds Hankin, B. L. & Abela, J. R. Z. ) 32\u201346 (Sage Publications, Inc, 2005).","DOI":"10.4135\/9781452231655.n2"},{"key":"BFsrep22542_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.5014\/ajot.55.6.608","volume":"55","author":"W Dunn","year":"2001","unstructured":"Dunn, W. The sensations of everyday life: empirical, theoretical, and pragmatic considerations. Am. J. Occup. Ther. Off. Publ. Am. Occup. Ther. Assoc . 55, 608\u2013620 (2001).","journal-title":"Am. J. Occup. Ther. Off. Publ. Am. Occup. Ther. Assoc"},{"key":"BFsrep22542_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbn192","volume":"36","author":"CG Kohler","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kohler, C. G., Walker, J. B., Martin, E. A., Healey, K. M. & Moberg, P. J. Facial Emotion Perception in Schizophrenia: A Meta-analytic Review. Schizophr. Bull. 36, 1009\u20131019 (2010).","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"BFsrep22542_CR4","first-page":"95","volume":"17","author":"B Vivien","year":"2013","unstructured":"Vivien, B., Lamhaut, L. & Carli, P. An unexpected intracranial blade. Prehospital Emerg. Care Off. J. Natl. Assoc. EMS Physicians Natl. Assoc. State EMS Dir . 17, 95\u201397 (2013).","journal-title":"Prehospital Emerg. Care Off. J. Natl. Assoc. EMS Physicians Natl. Assoc. State EMS Dir"},{"key":"BFsrep22542_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)62061-4","volume":"375","author":"H Murakami","year":"2010","unstructured":"Murakami, H. et al. Altered pain perception in schizophrenia. The Lancet 375, 864 doi: 10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)62061-4 (2010).","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"BFsrep22542_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Retamero, C. & Paglia, C. When patients do not hurt: silent acute abdomen in a patient with schizophrenia. Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry 34, 210.e9\u2013210.e11 doi: 10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2011.10.004 (2012).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2011.10.004"},{"key":"BFsrep22542_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/0885-3924(88)90166-2","volume":"3","author":"RH Dworkin","year":"1988","unstructured":"Dworkin, R. H. & Caligor, E. Psychiatric diagnosis and chronic pain: DSM-III-R and beyond. J. Pain Symptom Manage. 3, 87\u201398 (1988).","journal-title":"J. Pain Symptom Manage."},{"key":"BFsrep22542_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(86)90074-6","volume":"26","author":"DA Fishbain","year":"1986","unstructured":"Fishbain, D. A., Goldberg, M., Robert Meagher, B., Steele, R. & Rosomoff, H. Male and female chronic pain patients categorized by DSM-III psychiatric diagnostic criteria. Pain 26, 181\u2013197 (1986).","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"BFsrep22542_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(87)90044-3","volume":"29","author":"G Magni","year":"1987","unstructured":"Magni, G. & Merskey, H. A simple examination of the relationships between pain, organic lesions and psychiatric illness. Pain 29, 295\u2013300 (1987).","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"BFsrep22542_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.encep.2008.04.005","volume":"35","author":"A Auti\u00e9","year":"2009","unstructured":"Auti\u00e9, A. et al. [Pain and schizophrenia: myth and reality]. L\u2019Enc\u00e9phale 35, 297\u2013303 (2009).","journal-title":"L\u2019Enc\u00e9phale"},{"key":"BFsrep22542_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0b013e318192be97","volume":"25","author":"O Bonnot","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bonnot, O., Anderson, G. M., Cohen, D., Willer, J. C. & Tordjman, S. Are Patients With Schizophrenia Insensitive to Pain? A Reconsideration of the Question. Clin. J. Pain 25, 244\u2013252 (2009).","journal-title":"Clin. J. Pain"},{"key":"BFsrep22542_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/20.2.235","volume":"20","author":"RH Dworkin","year":"1994","unstructured":"Dworkin, R. H. Pain insensitivity in schizophrenia: a neglected phenomenon and some implications. Schizophr. Bull. 20, 235\u2013248 (1994).","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"BFsrep22542_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2013.11.005","volume":"15","author":"G Engels","year":"2014","unstructured":"Engels, G. et al. Clinical pain in schizophrenia: a systematic review. J. Pain Off. J. Am. Pain Soc. 15, 457\u2013467 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Pain Off. J. Am. Pain Soc."},{"key":"BFsrep22542_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2007.11.007","volume":"138","author":"S Potvin","year":"2008","unstructured":"Potvin, S. & Marchand, S. Hypoalgesia in schizophrenia is independent of antipsychotic drugs: A systematic quantitative review of experimental studies. Pain 138, 70\u201378 (2008).","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"BFsrep22542_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1097\/00131746-200603000-00004","volume":"12","author":"MK Singh","year":"2006","unstructured":"Singh, M. K., Giles, L. L. & Nasrallah, H. A. Pain Insensitivity in Schizophrenia: Trait or State Marker? J. Psychiatr. Pract. March 12, 90\u2013102 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Pract. March"},{"key":"BFsrep22542_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2121","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000304","volume":"156","author":"B Stubbs","year":"2015","unstructured":"Stubbs, B. et al. Decreased pain sensitivity among people with schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of experimental pain induction studies. Pain 156, 2121\u201331 (2015).","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"BFsrep22542_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2012.01505.x","volume":"13","author":"M L\u00e9vesque","year":"2012","unstructured":"L\u00e9vesque, M. et al. Pain perception in schizophrenia: evidence of a specific pain response profile. Pain Med. Malden Mass 13, 1571\u20131579 (2012).","journal-title":"Pain Med. Malden Mass"},{"key":"BFsrep22542_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(86)90077-1","volume":"26","author":"M Ernst","year":"1986","unstructured":"Ernst, M., Lee, M. H. M., Dworkin, B. & Zaretsky, H. H. Pain perception decrement produced through repeated stimulation. Pain 26, 221\u2013231 (1986).","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"BFsrep22542_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2007.11.001","volume":"42","author":"S Potvin","year":"2008","unstructured":"Potvin, S. et al. Pain perception in schizophrenia: no change in diffuse noxious inhibitory controls (DNIC) but a lack of pain sensitization. J. Psychiatr. Res. 42, 1010\u20131016 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"BFsrep22542_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(79)90029-5","volume":"1","author":"GC Davis","year":"1979","unstructured":"Davis, G. C., Buchsbaum, M. S., van Kammen, D. P. & Bunney Jr., W. E. Analgesia to pain stimuli in schizophrenics and its reversal by naltrexone. Psychiatry Res. 1, 61\u201369 (1979).","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"BFsrep22542_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbn071","volume":"34","author":"AM Kring","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kring, A. M. & Moran, E. K. Emotional Response Deficits in Schizophrenia: Insights From Affective Science. Schizophr. Bull. 34, 819\u2013834 (2008).","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"BFsrep22542_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbn061","volume":"36","author":"AS Cohen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cohen, A. S. & Minor, K. S. Emotional experience in patients with schizophrenia revisited: meta-analysis of laboratory studies. Schizophr. Bull. 36, 143\u2013150 (2010).","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"BFsrep22542_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2377","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291713000019","volume":"43","author":"WP Horan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Horan, W. P., Hajcak, G., Wynn, J. K. & Green, M. F. Impaired emotion regulation in schizophrenia: evidence from event-related potentials. Psychol. Med. 43, 2377\u20132391 (2013).","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"BFsrep22542_CR24","first-page":"371","volume":"23","author":"U Bingel","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bingel, U. & Tracey, I. Imaging CNS modulation of pain in humans. Physiol. Bethesda Md 23, 371\u2013380 (2008).","journal-title":"Md"},{"key":"BFsrep22542_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10264","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4648-08.2009","volume":"29","author":"MD Yelle","year":"2009","unstructured":"Yelle, M. D., Oshiro, Y., Kraft, R. A. & Coghill, R. C. Temporal Filtering of Nociceptive Information by Dynamic Activation of Endogenous Pain Modulatory Systems. J. Neurosci. Off. J. Soc. Neurosci. 29, 10264\u201310271 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Off. J. Soc. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFsrep22542_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2005.09.004","volume":"142","author":"T Jochum","year":"2006","unstructured":"Jochum, T. et al. Influence of antipsychotic medication on pain perception in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 142, 151\u2013156 (2006).","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"BFsrep22542_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1080\/13546800500188575","volume":"11","author":"CG Kohler","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kohler, C. G. & Martin, E. A. Emotional processing in schizophrenia. Cognit. Neuropsychiatry 11, 250\u2013271 (2006).","journal-title":"Cognit. Neuropsychiatry"},{"key":"BFsrep22542_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD004844","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004844.pub3","volume":"8","author":"S Seidel","year":"2013","unstructured":"Seidel, S. et al. Antipsychotics for acute and chronic pain in adults. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 8, CD004844 doi: 10.1002\/14651858.CD004844.pub3 (2013).","journal-title":"The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"BFsrep22542_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.04.001","volume":"156","author":"RL Capa","year":"2014","unstructured":"Capa, R. L., Duval, C. Z., Blaison, D. & Giersch, A. Patients with schizophrenia selectively impaired in temporal order judgments. Schizophr. Res. 156, 51\u20135 (2014). doi: 10.1016\/j.schres.2014.04.001","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"BFsrep22542_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.102.4.507","volume":"102","author":"AM Kring","year":"1993","unstructured":"Kring, A. M., Kerr, S. L., Smith, D. A. & Neale, J. M. Flat affect in schizophrenia does not reflect diminished subjective experience of emotion. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 102, 507\u2013517 (1993).","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"BFsrep22542_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965428","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/965428","volume":"2013","author":"N Lakis","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lakis, N. & Mendrek, A. Individuals Diagnosed with Schizophrenia Assign Emotional Importance to Neutral Stimuli: An fMRI Study. ISRN Psychiatry 2013, ID 965428 doi: 10.1155\/2013\/965428 (2013).","journal-title":"ISRN Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFsrep22542_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbs186","volume":"39","author":"GP Strauss","year":"2013","unstructured":"Strauss, G. P. et al. Emotion Regulation Abnormalities in Schizophrenia: Cognitive Change Strategies Fail to Decrease the Neural Response to Unpleasant Stimuli. Schizophr. Bull. 39, 872\u2013883 (2013).","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"BFsrep22542_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0b013e31821d904c","volume":"27","author":"M Girard","year":"2011","unstructured":"Girard, M., Plansont, B., Bonnabau, H. & Malauzat, D. Experimental pain hypersensitivity in schizophrenic patients. Clin. J. Pain 27, 790\u20135 (2011).","journal-title":"Clin. J. Pain"},{"key":"BFsrep22542_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2011.09.008","volume":"46","author":"C De la Fuente-Sandoval","year":"2012","unstructured":"De la Fuente-Sandoval, C., Favila, R., G\u00f3mez-Mart\u00edn, D., Le\u00f3n-Ortiz, P. & Graff-Guerrero, A. Neural response to experimental heat pain in stable patients with schizophrenia. J. Psychiatr. Res. 46, 128\u2013134 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"BFsrep22542_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2010.05.003","volume":"183","author":"C De la Fuente-Sandoval","year":"2010","unstructured":"De la Fuente-Sandoval, C., Favila, R., G\u00f3mez-Martin, D., Pellicer, F. & Graff-Guerrero, A. Functional magnetic resonance imaging response to experimental pain in drug-free patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. Neuroimaging 183, 99\u2013104 (2010).","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res. Neuroimaging"},{"key":"BFsrep22542_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3578","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22422","volume":"35","author":"N Bak","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bak, N., Rostrup, E., Larsson, H. B. W., Glenth\u00f8j, B. Y. & Oranje, B. Concurrent functional magnetic resonance imaging and electroencephalography assessment of sensory gating in schizophrenia. Hum. Brain Mapp. 35, 3578\u201387 doi: 10.1002\/hbm.22422 (2014).","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"BFsrep22542_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.schbul.a033324","volume":"24","author":"JA Gray","year":"1998","unstructured":"Gray, J. A. Integrating schizophrenia. Schizophr. Bull. 24, 249\u2013266 (1998).","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"BFsrep22542_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2007.04.019","volume":"118","author":"J Polich","year":"2007","unstructured":"Polich, J. Updating P300: An integrative theory of P3a and P3b. Clin. Neurophysiol. 118, 2128\u20132148 (2007).","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"BFsrep22542_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291799002676","volume":"30","author":"SJ Blakemore","year":"2000","unstructured":"Blakemore, S. J., Smith, J., Steel, R., Johnstone, C. E. & Frith, C. D. The perception of self-produced sensory stimuli in patients with auditory hallucinations and passivity experiences: evidence for a breakdown in self-monitoring. Psychol. Med. 30, 1131\u20131139 (2000).","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"BFsrep22542_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2013.06.007","volume":"24","author":"AM Kring","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kring, A. M. & Barch, D. M. The motivation and pleasure dimension of negative symptoms: Neural substrates and behavioral outputs. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. J. Eur. Coll. Neuropsychopharmacol . 24, 725\u2013736 (2014).","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. J. Eur. Coll. Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"BFsrep22542_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbq107","volume":"38","author":"L Lalanne","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lalanne, L., van Assche, M. & Giersch, A. When predictive mechanisms go wrong: disordered visual synchrony thresholds in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Bull. 38, 506\u2013513 (2012).","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"BFsrep22542_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2012.07.023","volume":"50","author":"L Lalanne","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lalanne, L., Van Assche, M., Wang, W. & Giersch, A. Looking forward: an impaired ability in patients with schizophrenia? Neuropsychologia 50, 2736\u20132744 (2012).","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"BFsrep22542_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2008.05.054","volume":"440","author":"M Ergen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ergen, M., Marbach, S., Brand, A., Ba\u015far-Ero\u011flu, C. & Demiralp, T. P3 and delta band responses in visual oddball paradigm in schizophrenia. Neurosci. Lett. 440, 304\u2013308 (2008).","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"BFsrep22542_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.160.1.13","volume":"160","author":"S Kapur","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kapur, S. Psychosis as a state of aberrant salience: a framework linking biology, phenomenology, and pharmacology in schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry 160, 13\u201323 (2003).","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFsrep22542_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2006.11.011","volume":"130","author":"P Goffaux","year":"2007","unstructured":"Goffaux, P., Redmond, W. J., Rainville, P. & Marchand, S. Descending analgesia--when the spine echoes what the brain expects. Pain 130, 137\u2013143 (2007).","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"BFsrep22542_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2008.06.120","volume":"1230","author":"Y Tousignant-Laflamme","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tousignant-Laflamme, Y., Pag\u00e9, S., Goffaux, P. & Marchand, S. An experimental model to measure excitatory and inhibitory pain mechanisms in humans. Brain Res. 1230, 73\u201379 (2008).","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"BFsrep22542_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/1751-0759-5-8","volume":"5","author":"MJ M\u00fcller","year":"2011","unstructured":"M\u00fcller, M. J. Helplessness and perceived pain intensity: relations to cortisol concentrations after electrocutaneous stimulation in healthy young men. Biopsychosoc. Med . 5, 8 (2011).","journal-title":"Biopsychosoc. Med"},{"key":"BFsrep22542_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbr065","volume":"38","author":"SJ Luck","year":"2012","unstructured":"Luck, S. J., Ford, J. M., Sarter, M. & Lustig, C. CNTRICS final biomarker selection: Control of attention. Schizophr. Bull. 38, 53\u201361 (2012).","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"BFsrep22542_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbt165","volume":"40","author":"A Anticevic","year":"2014","unstructured":"Anticevic, A. et al. Amygdala connectivity differs among chronic, early course, and individuals at risk for developing schizophrenia. Schizophr. Bull. 40, 1105\u20131116 (2014).","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"BFsrep22542_CR50","unstructured":"Association, A. P. DSM-IV-TR: manuel diagnostique et statistique des troubles mentaux . (Elsevier Masson, 2004)."},{"key":"BFsrep22542_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/13.2.261","volume":"13","author":"SR Kay","year":"1987","unstructured":"Kay, S. R., Fiszbein, A. & Opler, L. A. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) for Schizophrenia. Schizophr. Bull. 13, 261\u201376 (1987).","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"BFsrep22542_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-9338(97)83296-8","volume":"12","author":"Y Lecrubier","year":"1997","unstructured":"Lecrubier, Y. et al. The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). A short diagnostic structured interview: reliability and validity according to the CIDI. Eur. Psychiatry. 12, 224\u201331 (1997).","journal-title":"Eur. Psychiatry."},{"key":"BFsrep22542_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199601000-00008","volume":"73","author":"M Bach","year":"1996","unstructured":"Bach, M. The Freiburg Visual Acuity Test \u2013 Automatic measurement of visual acuity. Optom. Vis. Sci. 73, 49\u201353 (1996).","journal-title":"Optom. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"BFsrep22542_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-8069-1-13","volume":"1","author":"K Koga","year":"2005","unstructured":"Koga, K. et al. Selective activation of primary afferent fibers evaluated by sine-wave electrical stimulation. Mol. Pain 1, 13 (2005).","journal-title":"Mol. Pain"},{"key":"BFsrep22542_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2011.01.046","volume":"122","author":"A Dufour","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dufour, A., Guergova, S., Pebayle, T. & Touzalin-Chretien, P. On the selective activation of unmyelinated C-fibers using sinusoidal electrical stimulation: an ERP study. Clin. Neurophysiol. Off. J. Int. Fed. Clin. Neurophysiol. 122, 1042\u20131047 (2011).","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol. Off. J. Int. Fed. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"BFsrep22542_CR56","unstructured":"Lang, P., Bradley, M. & Cuthbert, B. International affective picture system (IAPS): Affective ratings of pictures and instruction manual. Technical Report A-8 . University of Florida, Gainesville, FL. (2008)."},{"key":"BFsrep22542_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Clinical Neurophysiology Society. Guideline 5: guidelines for standard electrode position nomenclature. Am. J. Electroneurodiagnostic Technol. 46, 222\u2013225 (2006).","DOI":"10.1080\/1086508X.2006.11079580"},{"key":"BFsrep22542_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/S0013-4694(98)00075-3","volume":"107","author":"B Bromm","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bromm, B. & Lorenz, J. Neurophysiological evaluation of pain. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 107, 227\u2013253 (1998).","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"BFsrep22542_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0511(99)00044-7","volume":"52","author":"BN Cuthbert","year":"2000","unstructured":"Cuthbert, B. N., Schupp, H. T., Bradley, M. M., Birbaumer, N. & Lang, P. J. Brain potentials in affective picture processing: covariation with autonomic arousal and affective report. Biol. Psychol. 52, 95\u2013111 (2000).","journal-title":"Biol. Psychol."},{"key":"BFsrep22542_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2007.11.006","volume":"77","author":"JK Olofsson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Olofsson, J. K., Nordin, S., Sequeira, H. & Polich, J. Affective picture processing: an integrative review of ERP findings. Biol. Psychol. 77, 247\u2013265 (2008).","journal-title":"Biol. Psychol."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep22542.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep22542","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep22542.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]],"date-time":"2023-01-05T03:50:49Z","timestamp":1672890649000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep22542"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,3]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,21]]}},"alternative-id":["BFsrep22542"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep22542","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 October 2015","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 February 2016","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 March 2016","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing financial interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"22542"}}