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The aim of the present study was to compare the effect of EMD and its fractions on the cytokine profiles from human gingival fibroblasts <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> and in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) in a randomized controlled split-mouth clinical study (n\u2009=\u200912). Levels of cytokines in cell culture medium and in GCF were measured by Luminex over a 2-week period. In the clinical study, levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines were increased, whereas the levels of transforming growth factor-\u03b1 (TGF-\u03b1) and platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) were reduced. The <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> study showed that EMD and its high and low molecular weight fractions reduced the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines compared to untreated cells. EMD had an effect on levels of cytokines related to fibroplasia, angiogenesis, inflammation and chemotaxis both <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>, however, the anti-inflammatory effect induced by EMD observed in the <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> study could not be confirmed clinically.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/srep23060","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,15]],"date-time":"2016-03-15T11:19:07Z","timestamp":1458040747000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["EMD in periodontal regenerative surgery modulates cytokine profiles: A randomised controlled clinical trial"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Oscar","family":"Villa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johan C.","family":"Wohlfahrt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Odd Carsten","family":"Koldsland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steven J.","family":"Brookes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Staale P.","family":"Lyngstadaas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anne M.","family":"Aass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Janne E.","family":"Reseland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFsrep23060_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.1997.tb00247.x","volume":"24","author":"L Hammarstrom","year":"1997","unstructured":"Hammarstrom, L. 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