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However, cardiomyocyte cell cycle activity in infants with congenital heart disease (CHD) is unknown and may provide important information to improve treatment. Human right atrial specimens were obtained from infants during routine surgery to repair ventricular septal defects. The specimens were divided into three groups: group A (age 1\u20133 months); group B (age, 4\u20136 months); and group C (age 7\u201312 months). A dramatic fall in the number of Ki67 -positive CHD cardiac myocytes occurred after three months. When cultured <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>, young CHD myocytes (\u22643 months) showed more abundant Ki67-positive cardiomyocytes and greater incorporation of EdU, indicating enhanced proliferation. YAP1 and NICD\u2014important transcript factors in cardiomyocyte development and proliferation\u2014decreased with age and \u03b2-catenin increased with age. Compared with those of older infants, cardiomyocytes of young CHD infants (\u22643 months) have a higher proliferating capacity <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>. From the perspective of cardiac muscle regeneration, CHD treatment at a younger age (\u22643 months) may be more optimal.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/srep23188","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,15]],"date-time":"2016-03-15T11:08:38Z","timestamp":1458040118000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Cardiomyocytes in Young Infants With Congenital Heart Disease: a Three-Month Window of Proliferation"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Lincai","family":"Ye","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisheng","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haibo","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huiwen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuan","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haifa","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinfen","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFsrep23188_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61922-X","volume":"375","author":"PW Tennant","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tennant, P. 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