{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T21:47:41Z","timestamp":1789076861294,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,15]],"date-time":"2016-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1460678400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,15]],"date-time":"2016-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1460678400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Halitosis is a common symptom mainly caused by microbial activities in the oral cavity. Here, we used <jats:italic>16S rRNA<\/jats:italic> gene pyrosequencing and metagenomic sequencing to examine oral microbial compositions and their functional variations in children with halitosis. We found that the tongue coating of subjects with halitosis had greater bacterial richness than those of healthy subjects. The relative abundance and prevalence of <jats:italic>Leptotrichia wadei<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Peptostreptococcus stomatis<\/jats:italic> were higher in tongue coating samples from children with halitosis than those from children without halitosis; <jats:italic>Prevotella shahii<\/jats:italic> had higher relative abundance and prevalence in saliva samples from children with halitosis. We present the first comprehensive evaluation of the co-occurrence networks of saliva and tongue coating communities under healthy and halitosis conditions and investigated patterns of significant differences between these communities. Moreover, we observed that bacterial genes associated with responses to infectious diseases and terpenoid and polyketide metabolism were enriched in subjects with halitosis, but not in healthy subjects. Hydrogen sulphide (H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>S)-related metabolic pathways suggested that there was higher microbial production and less usage of H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>S in subjects with halitosis. Thus, the mechanism of halitosis was implied for the first time via metagenomic sequencing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/srep24481","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,15]],"date-time":"2016-04-15T09:56:29Z","timestamp":1460714189000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Tongue Coating and the Salivary Microbial Communities Vary in Children with Halitosis"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Wen","family":"Ren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhe","family":"Xun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zicheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuenan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yifei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linshuang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunyan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuguo","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nan","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. Dusko","family":"Ehrlich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yihong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuesong","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFsrep24481_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1038\/ijos.2012.39","volume":"4","author":"CM Bollen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bollen, C. M. & Beikler, T. Halitosis: the multidisciplinary approach. International journal of oral science 4, 55\u201363, doi: 10.1038\/ijos.2012.39 (2012).","journal-title":"International journal of oral science"},{"key":"BFsrep24481_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0722.2009.00630.x","volume":"117","author":"MM Bornstein","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bornstein, M. M., Kislig, K., Hoti, B. B., Seemann, R. & Lussi, A. Prevalence of halitosis in the population of the city of Bern, Switzerland: a study comparing self-reported and clinical data. European journal of oral sciences 117, 261\u2013267, doi: 10.1111\/j.1600-0722.2009.00630.x (2009).","journal-title":"European journal of oral sciences"},{"key":"BFsrep24481_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2005.00862.x","volume":"33","author":"XN Liu","year":"2006","unstructured":"Liu, X. N. et al. Oral malodor-related parameters in the Chinese general population. Journal of clinical periodontology 33, 31\u201336, doi: 10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2005.00862.x (2006).","journal-title":"Journal of clinical periodontology"},{"key":"BFsrep24481_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-0825.2006.01257.x","volume":"13","author":"P Nadanovsky","year":"2007","unstructured":"Nadanovsky, P., Carvalho, L. B. & Ponce de Leon, A. Oral malodour and its association with age and sex in a general population in Brazil. Oral diseases 13, 105\u2013109, doi: 10.1111\/j.1601-0825.2006.01257.x (2007).","journal-title":"Oral diseases"},{"key":"BFsrep24481_CR5","first-page":"173","volume":"25","author":"R Nalcaci","year":"2008","unstructured":"Nalcaci, R., Dulgergil, T., Oba, A. A. & Gelgor, I. E. Prevalence of breath malodour in 7\u201311-year-old children living in Middle Anatolia, Turkey. Community dental health 25, 173\u2013177 (2008).","journal-title":"Community dental health"},{"key":"BFsrep24481_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/s40368-014-0109-0","volume":"15","author":"PS Patil","year":"2014","unstructured":"Patil, P. S., Pujar, P., Poornima, S. & Subbareddy, V. V. Prevalence of oral malodour and its relationship with oral parameters in Indian children aged 7\u201315 years. European archives of paediatric dentistry: official journal of the European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry 15, 251\u2013258, doi: 10.1007\/s40368-014-0109-0 (2014).","journal-title":"European archives of paediatric dentistry: official journal of the European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry"},{"key":"BFsrep24481_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1111\/idh.12077","volume":"12","author":"A Villa","year":"2014","unstructured":"Villa, A. et al. Prevalence of halitosis in children considering oral hygiene, gender and age. International journal of dental hygiene 12, 208\u2013212, doi: 10.1111\/idh.12077 (2014).","journal-title":"International journal of dental hygiene"},{"key":"BFsrep24481_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-0825.2011.01890.x","volume":"18","author":"C Scully","year":"2012","unstructured":"Scully, C. & Greenman, J. Halitology (breath odour: aetiopathogenesis and management). Oral diseases 18, 333\u2013345, doi: 10.1111\/j.1601-0825.2011.01890.x (2012).","journal-title":"Oral diseases"},{"key":"BFsrep24481_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S8","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9969(08)70003-7","volume":"53","author":"RP Allaker","year":"2008","unstructured":"Allaker, R. P. et al. Topographic distribution of bacteria associated with oral malodour on the tongue. Archives of oral biology 53 Suppl 1, S8\u2013S12, doi: 10.1016\/S0003-9969(08)70003-7 (2008).","journal-title":"Archives of oral biology"},{"key":"BFsrep24481_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0765.1992.tb01673.x","volume":"27","author":"K Yaegaki","year":"1992","unstructured":"Yaegaki, K. & Sanada, K. Volatile sulfur compounds in mouth air from clinically healthy subjects and patients with periodontal disease. Journal of periodontal research 27, 233\u2013238 (1992).","journal-title":"Journal of periodontal research"},{"key":"BFsrep24481_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1992.63.9.783","volume":"63","author":"K Yaegaki","year":"1992","unstructured":"Yaegaki, K. & Sanada, K. Biochemical and clinical factors influencing oral malodor in periodontal patients. Journal of periodontology 63, 783\u2013789, doi: 10.1902\/jop.1992.63.9.783 (1992).","journal-title":"Journal of periodontology"},{"key":"BFsrep24481_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1111\/idh.12046","volume":"12","author":"T Amou","year":"2014","unstructured":"Amou, T., Hinode, D., Yoshioka, M. & Grenier, D. Relationship between halitosis and periodontal disease - associated oral bacteria in tongue coatings. International journal of dental hygiene 12, 145\u2013151, doi: 10.1111\/idh.12046 (2014).","journal-title":"International journal of dental hygiene"},{"key":"BFsrep24481_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-0825.2005.01094.x","volume":"11","author":"AC Donaldson","year":"2005","unstructured":"Donaldson, A. C. et al. Microbiological culture analysis of the tongue anaerobic microflora in subjects with and without halitosis. Oral diseases 11 Suppl 1, 61\u201363, doi: 10.1111\/j.1601-0825.2005.01094.x (2005).","journal-title":"Oral diseases"},{"key":"BFsrep24481_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-302X.1990.tb00645.x","volume":"5","author":"S Persson","year":"1990","unstructured":"Persson, S., Edlund, M. B., Claesson, R. & Carlsson, J. The formation of hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptan by oral bacteria. Oral microbiology and immunology 5, 195\u2013201 (1990).","journal-title":"Oral microbiology and immunology"},{"key":"BFsrep24481_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.46118-0","volume":"54","author":"J Washio","year":"2005","unstructured":"Washio, J., Sato, T., Koseki, T. & Takahashi, N. Hydrogen sulfide-producing bacteria in tongue biofilm and their relationship with oral malodour. Journal of medical microbiology 54, 889\u2013895, doi: 10.1099\/jmm.0.46118-0 (2005).","journal-title":"Journal of medical microbiology"},{"key":"BFsrep24481_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haraszthy, V. I. et al. Characterization and prevalence of Solobacterium moorei associated with oral halitosis. Journal of breath research 2, doi: Artn 017002, doi 10.1088\/1752-7155\/2\/1\/017002 (2008).","DOI":"10.1088\/1752-7155\/2\/1\/017002"},{"key":"BFsrep24481_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002606","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1002606","volume":"8","author":"K Faust","year":"2012","unstructured":"Faust, K. et al. Microbial co-occurrence relationships in the human microbiome. PLos computational biology 8, e1002606, doi: 10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1002606 (2012).","journal-title":"PLos computational biology"},{"key":"BFsrep24481_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034513507065","volume":"92","author":"F Yang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yang, F. et al. Microbial basis of oral malodor development in humans. Journal of dental research 92, 1106\u20131112, doi: 10.1177\/0022034513507065 (2013).","journal-title":"Journal of dental research"},{"key":"BFsrep24481_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e89269","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0089269","volume":"9","author":"H Xu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Xu, H. et al. Plaque bacterial microbiome diversity in children younger than 30 months with or without caries prior to eruption of second primary molars. Plos One 9, e89269, doi: 10.1371\/journal.pone.0089269 (2014).","journal-title":"Plos One"},{"key":"BFsrep24481_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-012-0123-x","volume":"65","author":"ZX Ling","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ling, Z. X., Liu, X., Wang, Y. Z., Li, L. J. & Xiang, C. Pyrosequencing Analysis of the Salivary Microbiota of Healthy Chinese Children and Adults. Microb Ecol 65, 487\u2013495, doi: 10.1007\/s00248-012-0123-x (2013).","journal-title":"Microb Ecol"},{"key":"BFsrep24481_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-0825.2007.01371.x","volume":"14","author":"MP Riggio","year":"2008","unstructured":"Riggio, M. P. et al. Molecular identification of bacteria on the tongue dorsum of subjects with and without halitosis. Oral diseases 14, 251\u2013258, doi: 10.1111\/j.1601-0825.2007.01371.x (2008).","journal-title":"Oral diseases"},{"key":"BFsrep24481_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1038\/srep00215","volume":"2","author":"T Takeshita","year":"2012","unstructured":"Takeshita, T. et al. Discrimination of the oral microbiota associated with high hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptan production. Scientific Reports 2, 215, doi: 10.1038\/srep00215 (2012).","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"BFsrep24481_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41-&","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(72)90271-X","volume":"34","author":"TF Mcnamara","year":"1972","unstructured":"Mcnamara, T. F., Alexande, Jf & Lee, M. Role of Microorganisms in Production of Oral Malodor. Oral Surgery Oral Medicine Oral Pathology Oral Radiology and Endodontics 34, 41-&, doi: 10.1016\/0030-4220(72)90271-X (1972).","journal-title":"Oral Surgery Oral Medicine Oral Pathology Oral Radiology and Endodontics"},{"key":"BFsrep24481_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp612","volume":"26","author":"L Wang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wang, L., Feng, Z., Wang, X., Wang, X. & Zhang, X. DEGseq: an R package for identifying differentially expressed genes from RNA-seq data. Bioinformatics 26, 136\u2013138, doi: 10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp612 (2010).","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"BFsrep24481_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.mi.26.100172.001015","volume":"26","author":"H Kadota","year":"1972","unstructured":"Kadota, H. & Ishida, Y. Production of volatile sulfur compounds by microorganisms. Annual review of microbiology 26, 127\u2013138, doi: 10.1146\/annurev.mi.26.100172.001015 (1972).","journal-title":"Annual review of microbiology"},{"key":"BFsrep24481_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2010.00773.x","volume":"61","author":"S Pushalkar","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pushalkar, S. et al. Microbial diversity in saliva of oral squamous cell carcinoma. FEMS immunology and medical microbiology 61, 269\u2013277, doi: 10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2010.00773.x (2011).","journal-title":"FEMS immunology and medical microbiology"},{"key":"BFsrep24481_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nutr.24.012003.132418","volume":"24","author":"MH Stipanuk","year":"2004","unstructured":"Stipanuk, M. H. Sulfur amino acid metabolism: pathways for production and removal of homocysteine and cysteine. Annual review of nutrition 24, 539\u2013577, doi: 10.1146\/annurev.nutr.24.012003.132418 (2004).","journal-title":"Annual review of nutrition"},{"key":"BFsrep24481_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Human Microbiome Project, C. Structure, function and diversity of the healthy human microbiome. Nature 486, 207\u2013214, doi: 10.1038\/nature11234 (2012).","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11234"},{"key":"BFsrep24481_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2012.174","volume":"7","author":"L Abusleme","year":"2013","unstructured":"Abusleme, L. et al. The subgingival microbiome in health and periodontitis and its relationship with community biomass and inflammation. The ISME journal 7, 1016\u20131025, doi: 10.1038\/ismej.2012.174 (2013).","journal-title":"The ISME journal"},{"key":"BFsrep24481_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034513488119","volume":"92","author":"A Simon-Soro","year":"2013","unstructured":"Simon-Soro, A. et al. Microbial geography of the oral cavity. Journal of dental research 92, 616\u2013621, doi: 10.1177\/0022034513488119 (2013).","journal-title":"Journal of dental research"},{"key":"BFsrep24481_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.2.558-563.2003","volume":"41","author":"CE Kazor","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kazor, C. E. et al. Diversity of bacterial populations on the tongue dorsa of patients with halitosis and healthy patients. Journal of clinical microbiology 41, 558\u2013563 (2003).","journal-title":"Journal of clinical microbiology"},{"key":"BFsrep24481_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2012.09.011","volume":"57","author":"S Tanabe","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tanabe, S. & Grenier, D. Characterization of volatile sulfur compound production by Solobacterium moorei. Archives of oral biology 57, 1639\u20131643, doi: 10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2012.09.011 (2012).","journal-title":"Archives of oral biology"},{"key":"BFsrep24481_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2806","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02304-09","volume":"76","author":"T Takeshita","year":"2010","unstructured":"Takeshita, T. et al. Relationship between oral malodor and the global composition of indigenous bacterial populations in saliva. Applied and environmental microbiology 76, 2806\u20132814, doi: 10.1128\/AEM.02304-09 (2010).","journal-title":"Applied and environmental microbiology"},{"key":"BFsrep24481_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2004.05.021","volume":"6","author":"M Tanaka","year":"2004","unstructured":"Tanaka, M. et al. Contribution of periodontal pathogens on tongue dorsa analyzed with real-time PCR to oral malodor. Microbes and infection\/Institut Pasteur 6, 1078\u20131083, doi: 10.1016\/j.micinf.2004.05.021 (2004).","journal-title":"Microbes and infection\/Institut Pasteur"},{"key":"BFsrep24481_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1007\/s10266-009-0114-7","volume":"98","author":"T Yasukawa","year":"2010","unstructured":"Yasukawa, T., Ohmori, M. & Sato, S. The relationship between physiologic halitosis and periodontopathic bacteria of the tongue and gingival sulcus. Odontology\/the Society of the Nippon Dental University 98, 44\u201351, doi: 10.1007\/s10266-009-0114-7 (2010).","journal-title":"Odontology\/the Society of the Nippon Dental University"},{"key":"BFsrep24481_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.12502","volume":"17","author":"X Xu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Xu, X. et al. Oral cavity contains distinct niches with dynamic microbial communities. Environmental microbiology 17, 699\u2013710 (2015).","journal-title":"Environmental microbiology"},{"key":"BFsrep24481_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"baq013","DOI":"10.1093\/database\/baq013","volume":"2010","author":"T Chen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chen, T. et al. The Human Oral Microbiome Database: a web accessible resource for investigating oral microbe taxonomic and genomic information. Database: the journal of biological databases and curation 2010, baq013, doi: 10.1093\/database\/baq013 (2010).","journal-title":"Database: the journal of biological databases and curation"},{"key":"BFsrep24481_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"017103","DOI":"10.1088\/1752-7155\/8\/1\/017103","volume":"8","author":"I Laleman","year":"2014","unstructured":"Laleman, I., Dadamio, J., De Geest, S., Dekeyser, C. & Quirynen, M. Instrumental assessment of halitosis for the general dental practitioner. Journal of breath research 8, 017103, doi: 10.1088\/1752-7155\/8\/1\/017103 (2014).","journal-title":"Journal of breath research"},{"key":"BFsrep24481_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2014.10.010","volume":"23","author":"A Simon-Soro","year":"2015","unstructured":"Simon-Soro, A. & Mira, A. Solving the etiology of dental caries. Trends Microbiol 23, 76\u201382, doi: 10.1016\/j.tim.2014.10.010 (2015).","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"BFsrep24481_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2013.185","volume":"8","author":"Z Zhang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhang, Z. et al. Spatial heterogeneity and co-occurrence patterns of human mucosal-associated intestinal microbiota. The ISME journal 8, 881\u2013893, doi: 10.1038\/ismej.2013.185 (2014).","journal-title":"The ISME journal"},{"key":"BFsrep24481_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R46","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2014-15-3-r46","volume":"15","author":"DE Wood","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wood, D. E. & Salzberg, S. L. Kraken: ultrafast metagenomic sequence classification using exact alignments. Genome biology 15, R46, doi: 10.1186\/gb-2014-15-3-r46 (2014).","journal-title":"Genome biology"},{"key":"BFsrep24481_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5002","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00542-10","volume":"192","author":"FE Dewhirst","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dewhirst, F. E. et al. The human oral microbiome. Journal of bacteriology 192, 5002\u20135017, doi: 10.1128\/JB.00542-10 (2010).","journal-title":"Journal of bacteriology"},{"key":"BFsrep24481_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3077","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2011.02573.x","volume":"13","author":"HF Jenkinson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jenkinson, H. F. Beyond the oral microbiome. Environmental microbiology 13, 3077\u20133087 (2011).","journal-title":"Environmental microbiology"},{"key":"BFsrep24481_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2007.01116.x","volume":"34","author":"A Tangerman","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tangerman, A. & Winkel, E. G. Intra- and extra-oral halitosis: finding of a new form of extra-oral blood-borne halitosis caused by dimethyl sulphide. Journal of clinical periodontology 34, 748\u2013755, doi: 10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2007.01116.x (2007).","journal-title":"Journal of clinical periodontology"},{"key":"BFsrep24481_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2011.85","volume":"6","author":"P Belda-Ferre","year":"2012","unstructured":"Belda-Ferre, P. et al. The oral metagenome in health and disease. The ISME journal 6, 46\u201356, doi: 10.1038\/ismej.2011.85 (2012).","journal-title":"The ISME journal"},{"key":"BFsrep24481_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1002\/Ffj.3151","volume":"28","author":"J Greenman","year":"2013","unstructured":"Greenman, J., Saad, S., Hewett, K., Thorn, R. M. S. & Reynolds, D. M. Review: In vitro biofilm models for studying oral malodour. Flavour Frag J 28, 212\u2013222, doi: 10.1002\/Ffj.3151 (2013).","journal-title":"Flavour Frag J"},{"key":"BFsrep24481_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E964","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-2358.2011.00593.x","volume":"29","author":"P Samnieng","year":"2012","unstructured":"Samnieng, P., Ueno, M., Shinada, K., Zaitsu, T. & Kawaguchi, Y. Daily variation of oral malodour and related factors in community-dwelling elderly Thai. Gerodontology 29, E964\u2013E971, doi: 10.1111\/j.1741-2358.2011.00593.x (2012).","journal-title":"Gerodontology"},{"key":"BFsrep24481_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7537","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01541-09","volume":"75","author":"PD Schloss","year":"2009","unstructured":"Schloss, P. D. et al. Introducing mothur: open-source, platform-independent, community-supported software for describing and comparing microbial communities. Applied and environmental microbiology 75, 7537\u20137541, doi: 10.1128\/AEM.01541-09 (2009).","journal-title":"Applied and environmental microbiology"},{"key":"BFsrep24481_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5261","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00062-07","volume":"73","author":"Q Wang","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wang, Q., Garrity, G. M., Tiedje, J. M. & Cole, J. R. Naive Bayesian classifier for rapid assignment of rRNA sequences into the new bacterial taxonomy. Applied and environmental microbiology 73, 5261\u20135267, doi: 10.1128\/AEM.00062-07 (2007).","journal-title":"Applied and environmental microbiology"},{"key":"BFsrep24481_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3219","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02810-10","volume":"77","author":"PD Schloss","year":"2011","unstructured":"Schloss, P. D. & Westcott, S. L. Assessing and improving methods used in operational taxonomic unit-based approaches for 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Applied and environmental microbiology 77, 3219\u20133226, doi: 10.1128\/AEM.02810-10 (2011).","journal-title":"Applied and environmental microbiology"},{"key":"BFsrep24481_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8228","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.71.12.8228-8235.2005","volume":"71","author":"C Lozupone","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lozupone, C. & Knight, R. UniFrac: a new phylogenetic method for comparing microbial communities. Applied and environmental microbiology 71, 8228\u20138235, doi: 10.1128\/AEM.71.12.8228-8235.2005 (2005).","journal-title":"Applied and environmental microbiology"},{"key":"BFsrep24481_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1843","DOI":"10.1038\/srep01843","volume":"3","author":"J Wang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wang, J. et al. Metagenomic sequencing reveals microbiota and its functional potential associated with periodontal disease. Scientific Reports 3, 1843, doi: 10.1038\/srep01843 (2013).","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"BFsrep24481_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.1923","volume":"9","author":"B Langmead","year":"2012","unstructured":"Langmead, B. & Salzberg, S. L. Fast gapped-read alignment with Bowtie 2. Nature methods 9, 357\u2013359, doi: 10.1038\/nmeth.1923 (2012).","journal-title":"Nature methods"},{"key":"BFsrep24481_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2010.30","volume":"4","author":"EM Bik","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bik, E. M. et al. Bacterial diversity in the oral cavity of 10 healthy individuals. The ISME journal 4, 962\u2013974, doi: 10.1038\/ismej.2010.30 (2010).","journal-title":"The ISME journal"},{"key":"BFsrep24481_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e132","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkq275","volume":"38","author":"W Zhu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zhu, W., Lomsadze, A. & Borodovsky, M. Ab initio gene identification in metagenomic sequences. Nucleic acids research 38, e132, doi: 10.1093\/nar\/gkq275 (2010).","journal-title":"Nucleic acids research"},{"key":"BFsrep24481_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymeth.2013.06.027","volume":"63","author":"MP Davis","year":"2013","unstructured":"Davis, M. P., van Dongen, S., Abreu-Goodger, C., Bartonicek, N. & Enright, A. J. Kraken: a set of tools for quality control and analysis of high-throughput sequence data. Methods 63, 41\u201349, doi: 10.1016\/j.ymeth.2013.06.027 (2013).","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"BFsrep24481_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D480","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkm882","volume":"36","author":"M Kanehisa","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kanehisa, M. et al. KEGG for linking genomes to life and the environment. Nucleic acids research 36, D480\u2013484, doi: 10.1093\/nar\/gkm882 (2008).","journal-title":"Nucleic acids research"},{"key":"BFsrep24481_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D231","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkt1253","volume":"42","author":"S Powell","year":"2014","unstructured":"Powell, S. et al. eggNOG v4.0: nested orthology inference across 3686 organisms. Nucleic acids research 42, D231\u2013239, doi: 10.1093\/nar\/gkt1253 (2014).","journal-title":"Nucleic acids research"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep24481","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep24481.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep24481.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,4]],"date-time":"2023-01-04T18:18:59Z","timestamp":1672856339000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep24481"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,15]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,26]]}},"alternative-id":["BFsrep24481"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep24481","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 December 2015","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 March 2016","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 April 2016","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing financial interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"24481"}}