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Alterations of this early developmental environment, such as the presence of sexually transmitted pathogens, may affect oviduct function leading to reduced fertilization rates and contribute to compromised embryonic development. In this study, sperm interactions, particle transport speed (PTS) and cilia beat frequency (CBF) in the ampulla following exposure to <jats:italic>lipopolysaccharide<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>LPS<\/jats:italic>), a constituent of the sexually transmitted pathogens <jats:italic>Chlamydia trachomatis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Chlamydia abortus<\/jats:italic>, was investigated. Three complementary experiments were performed to analyse; (1) bound sperm motility and cilia function (2) transport velocity in the oviduct and (3) the expression of genes related to immune function and inflammatory response (<jats:italic>CASP3<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>CD14<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>MYD88<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>TLR4<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>TRAF6<\/jats:italic>). The motility of bound sperm was significantly lower in ampullae that were exposed to <jats:italic>LPS<\/jats:italic>. CBF and PTS significantly increased after treatment with <jats:italic>LPS<\/jats:italic> for 2\u2009hours. Finally, gene expression analysis revealed that <jats:italic>CASP3<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>CD14<\/jats:italic> were significantly upregulated and <jats:italic>TLR4<\/jats:italic> trended towards increased expression following treatment with <jats:italic>LPS<\/jats:italic>. These findings provide an insight on the impact of <jats:italic>LPS<\/jats:italic> on the oviduct sperm interaction, and have implications for both male and female fertility.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/srep24583","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,15]],"date-time":"2016-04-15T10:18:58Z","timestamp":1460715538000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) disrupts particle transport, cilia function and sperm motility in an ex vivo oviduct model"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"A. 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