{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T16:07:59Z","timestamp":1769875679401,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,5]],"date-time":"2016-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1462406400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,5]],"date-time":"2016-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1462406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX), and pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), the major components in plastic explosives, pose a significant threat to public safety. A quick, sensitive, and low-cost detection method for these non-volatile explosives is eagerly demanded. Here we present a fluo-spot approach, which can be employed for <jats:italic>in situ<\/jats:italic> detection of trace amount of explosives. The sensor molecule is a charge-transfer fluorophore, DCM, which is strongly fluorescent in its pristine state, but non-fluorescent after the quick reaction with NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u00b7 (or NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>) generated from the UV photolysis of RDX, HMX (or PETN). When fabricated within silica gel TLC plate, the fluo-spot sensor features high sensitivity owing to the large surface area and porous structure of the substrate. The sensor reaction mechanism was verified by various experimental characterizations, including chromatography, UV-Vis absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy, MS and <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>H NMR spectrometry. The fluo-spot also demonstrated high selectivity towards RDX, HMX and PETN, as no significant fluorescence quenching was observed for other chemical compounds including common nitro-aromatic explosives and inorganic oxidative compounds. The DCM sensor can also be used as an economical spray kit to directly spot the explosives by naked eyes, implying great potential for quick, low-cost trace explosives detection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/srep25015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,5]],"date-time":"2016-05-05T09:04:23Z","timestamp":1462439063000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Trace Detection of RDX, HMX and PETN Explosives Using a Fluorescence Spot Sensor"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Chen","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Helin","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benjamin R.","family":"Bunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Na","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miao","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaomei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Zang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFsrep25015_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2011.11.043","volume":"88","author":"JS Caygill","year":"2012","unstructured":"Caygill, J. S., Davis, F. & Higson, S. P. J. Current trends in explosive detection techniques. Talanta 88, 14\u201329 (2012).","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"BFsrep25015_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1002\/prep.201100083","volume":"37","author":"H \u00d6stmark","year":"2012","unstructured":"\u00d6stmark, H., Wallin, S. & Ang, H. G. Vapor Pressure of Explosives: A Critical Review. Propellants, Explos., Pyrotech. 37, 12\u201323 (2012).","journal-title":"Propellants, Explos., Pyrotech."},{"key":"BFsrep25015_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2908","DOI":"10.1039\/C2JM15214B","volume":"22","author":"HP Martinez","year":"2012","unstructured":"Martinez, H. P., Grant, C. D., Reynolds, J. G. & Trogler, W. C. Silica anchored fluorescent organosilicon polymers for explosives separation and detection. J. Mater. Chem. 22, 2908\u20132914 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"BFsrep25015_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comptc.2013.05.031","volume":"1018","author":"G Zhao","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zhao, G. & Lu, M. Crystal structures, infrared spectra, thermal stabilities and burning properties of RDX derivatives: A computational study. Comput. Theor. Chem. 1018, 13\u201318 (2013).","journal-title":"Comput. Theor. Chem"},{"key":"BFsrep25015_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2005.10.041","volume":"69","author":"N Pon Saravanan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Pon Saravanan, N. et al. Voltammetric determination of nitroaromatic and nitramine explosives contamination in soil. Talanta 69, 656\u2013662 (2006).","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"BFsrep25015_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6416","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201202793","volume":"24","author":"R Freeman","year":"2012","unstructured":"Freeman, R., Finder, T., Bahshi, L., Gill, R. & Willner, I. Functionalized CdSe\/ZnS QDs for the Detection of Nitroaromatic or RDX Explosives. Adv. Mater. 24, 6416\u20136421 (2012).","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"BFsrep25015_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8357","DOI":"10.1021\/ja402668e","volume":"135","author":"D Gopalakrishnan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gopalakrishnan, D. & Dichtel, W. R. Direct Detection of RDX Vapor Using a Conjugated Polymer Network. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135, 8357\u20138362 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"BFsrep25015_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263306","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3049130","volume":"93","author":"RS Dudhe","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dudhe, R. S. et al. Explosive vapor sensor using poly (3-hexylthiophene) and CuII tetraphenylporphyrin composite based organic field effect transistors. Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 263306 (2008).","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"BFsrep25015_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1039\/C1CS15173H","volume":"41","author":"Y Salinas","year":"2012","unstructured":"Salinas, Y. et al. Optical chemosensors and reagents to detect explosives. Chem. Soc. Rev. 41, 1261\u20131296 (2012).","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"BFsrep25015_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5586","DOI":"10.1021\/ja809555c","volume":"131","author":"H Usta","year":"2009","unstructured":"Usta, H. et al. Design, Synthesis, and Characterization of Ladder-Type Molecules and Polymers. Air-Stable, Solution-Processable n-Channel and Ambipolar Semiconductors for Thin-Film Transistors via Experiment and Theory. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131, 5586\u20135608 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"BFsrep25015_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6251","DOI":"10.1021\/j100076a004","volume":"98","author":"MD Pace","year":"1994","unstructured":"Pace, M. D. Spin Trapping of Nitrogen Dioxide from Photolysis of Sodium Nitrite, Ammonium Nitrate, Ammonium Dinitramide, and Cyclic Nitramines. J. Phys. Chem. 98, 6251\u20136257 (1994).","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"BFsrep25015_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1039\/a607823k","volume":"2","author":"B Gowenlock","year":"1997","unstructured":"Gowenlock, B. & Young, V. Photolysis of some N-nitroso-and N-nitro-anilines in solution. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 915\u2013920 (1997).","journal-title":"J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans"},{"key":"BFsrep25015_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2976","DOI":"10.1021\/jo200280c","volume":"76","author":"TL Andrew","year":"2011","unstructured":"Andrew, T. L. & Swager, T. M. Detection of Explosives via Photolytic Cleavage of Nitroesters and Nitramines. J. Org. Chem. 76, 2976\u20132993 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Org. Chem."},{"key":"BFsrep25015_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7254","DOI":"10.1021\/ja071911c","volume":"129","author":"TL Andrew","year":"2007","unstructured":"Andrew, T. L. & Swager, T. M. A Fluorescence Turn-On Mechanism to Detect High Explosives RDX and PETN. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 129, 7254\u20137255 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"BFsrep25015_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baker, J. W. & Easty, D. M. 217. Hydrolytic decomposition of esters of nitric acid. Part I. General experimental techniques. Alkaline hydrolysis and neutral solvolysis of methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, and tert.-butyl nitrates in aqueous alcohol. J. Chem. Soc., 1193\u20131207 (1952).","DOI":"10.1039\/jr9520001193"},{"key":"BFsrep25015_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1021\/ar500370v","volume":"48","author":"E Kim","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kim, E., Lee, Y., Lee, S. & Park, S. B. Discovery, Understanding, and Bioapplication of Organic Fluorophore: A Case Study with an Indolizine-Based Novel Fluorophore, Seoul-Fluor. Accounts. Chem. Res. 48, 538\u2013547 (2015).","journal-title":"Accounts. Chem. Res."},{"key":"BFsrep25015_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8708","DOI":"10.1021\/am501502v","volume":"6","author":"M Xu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Xu, M. et al. Fluorescence Ratiometric Sensor for Trace Vapor Detection of Hydrogen Peroxide. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 6, 8708\u20138714 (2014).","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"BFsrep25015_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11779","DOI":"10.1039\/c3cc47631f","volume":"49","author":"M Xu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Xu, M., Han, J.-M., Zhang, Y., Yang, X. & Zang, L. A selective fluorescence turn-on sensor for trace vapor detection of hydrogen peroxide. Chem. Commun. 49, 11779\u201311781 (2013).","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"BFsrep25015_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4412","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.5b00938","volume":"9","author":"W Chang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chang, W., Akselrod, G. M. & Bulovi\u0107, V. Solid-State Solvation and Enhanced Exciton Diffusion in Doped Organic Thin Films under Mechanical Pressure. ACS Nano 9, 4412\u20134418 (2015).","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"BFsrep25015_CR20","unstructured":"Thiesan, L., Hannum, D., Murray, D. W. & Parmeter, J. E. Survey of commercially available explosives detection technologies and equipment 2004. Report for NIJ grant 96-MU-MU-K011 (2004)."},{"key":"BFsrep25015_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8364","DOI":"10.1021\/ja035286x","volume":"125","author":"S Goldstein","year":"2003","unstructured":"Goldstein, S., Samuni, A. & Russo, A. Reaction of Cyclic Nitroxides with Nitrogen Dioxide: The Intermediacy of the Oxoammonium Cations. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125, 8364\u20138370 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"BFsrep25015_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10640","DOI":"10.1021\/ja061972v","volume":"128","author":"T Ueno","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ueno, T., Urano, Y., Kojima, H. & Nagano, T. Mechanism-Based Molecular Design of Highly Selective Fluorescence Probes for Nitrative Stress. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128, 10640\u201310641 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep25015.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep25015","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep25015.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]],"date-time":"2023-01-05T04:05:47Z","timestamp":1672891547000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep25015"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,5]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,31]]}},"alternative-id":["BFsrep25015"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep25015","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 January 2016","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 April 2016","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 May 2016","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing financial interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"25015"}}