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Elevated levels of TF are found in atherosclerotic plaques and TF leads to thrombus formation when released upon plaque rupture. Interleukin (IL)-33 was previously shown to induce angiogenesis and inflammatory activation of endothelial cells (ECs). Here, we investigated the impact of IL-33 on TF in human ECs, as a possible new link between inflammation and coagulation. IL-33 induced TF mRNA and protein in human umbilical vein ECs and coronary artery ECs. IL-33-induced TF expression was ST2- and NF-\u03baB-dependent, but IL-1-independent. IL-33 also increased cell surface TF activity in ECs and TF activity in ECs-derived microparticles. IL-33-treated ECs reduced coagulation time of whole blood and plasma but not of factor VII-deficient plasma. In human carotid atherosclerotic plaques (n\u2009=\u200957), TF mRNA positively correlated with IL-33 mRNA expression (r\u2009=\u20090.691, p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). In this tissue, IL-33 and TF protein was detected in ECs and smooth muscle cells by immunofluorescence. Furthermore, IL-33 and TF protein co-localized at the site of clot formation within microvessels in plaques of patients with symptomatic carotid stenosis. Through induction of TF in ECs, IL-33 could enhance their thrombotic capacity and thereby might impact on thrombus formation in the setting of atherosclerosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/srep25171","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,4]],"date-time":"2016-05-04T09:09:34Z","timestamp":1462352974000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":83,"title":["Tissue factor is induced by interleukin-33 in human endothelial cells: a new link between coagulation and inflammation"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Stefan","family":"Stojkovic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Kaun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose","family":"Basilio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabine","family":"Rauscher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lena","family":"Hell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konstantin A.","family":"Krychtiuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cornelia","family":"Bonstingl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rainer","family":"de Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marion","family":"Gr\u00f6ger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cihan","family":"Ay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Holnthoner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Eppel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Neumayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ihor","family":"Huk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kurt","family":"Huber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Svitlana","family":"Demyanets","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johann","family":"Wojta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFsrep25171_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1160\/TH12-10-0772","volume":"109","author":"R De Caterina","year":"2013","unstructured":"De Caterina, R. et al. General mechanisms of coagulation and targets of anticoagulants (Section I). Position Paper of the ESC Working Group on Thrombosis--Task Force on Anticoagulants in Heart Disease. Thromb Haemost 109, 569\u2013579 (2013).","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"BFsrep25171_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2839","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.86.8.2839","volume":"86","author":"JN Wilcox","year":"1989","unstructured":"Wilcox, J. N., Smith, K. M., Schwartz, S. M. & Gordon, D. Localization of tissue factor in the normal vessel wall and in the atherosclerotic plaque. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86, 2839\u20132843 (1989).","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"BFsrep25171_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.91.3.619","volume":"91","author":"BH Annex","year":"1995","unstructured":"Annex, B. H. et al. 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