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Much of this inter-individual variation in human sociality remains unexplained from a biological perspective. According to the brain opioid theory of social attachment, binding of the neuropeptide \u03b2-endorphin to \u03bc-opioid receptors in the central nervous system (CNS) is a key neurochemical mechanism involved in social bonding, particularly amongst primates. We hypothesise that a positive association exists between activity of the \u03bc-opioid system and the number of social relationships that an individual maintains. Given the powerful analgesic properties of \u03b2-endorphin, we tested this hypothesis using pain tolerance as an assay for activation of the endogenous \u03bc-opioid system. We show that a simple measure of pain tolerance correlates with social network size in humans. Our results are in line with previous studies suggesting that \u03bc-opioid receptor signalling has been elaborated beyond its basic function of pain modulation to play an important role in managing our social encounters. The neuroplasticity of the \u03bc-opioid system is of future research interest, especially with respect to psychiatric disorders associated with symptoms of social withdrawal and anhedonia, both of which are strongly modulated by endogenous opioids.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/srep25267","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,28]],"date-time":"2016-04-28T05:19:45Z","timestamp":1461820785000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Pain tolerance predicts human social network size"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Katerina V.-A.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robin I. 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