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Here, mice intraperitoneally inoculated with ITO-nanoparticles (ITO-NPs) resulted in peritonitis dependent in NLRP3 inflammasome, with neutrophils recruitment and interleukin-1\u03b2 (IL-1\u03b2) production. Withal peritoneal macrophages exposed <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic> to ITO-NPs caused IL-1\u03b2 secretion and cytolysis. Further, alveolar macrophages exposed to ITO-NPs <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> showed ITO-NP endocytosis and production of tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 (TNF-\u03b1) and IL-1\u03b2, ensued cell death by cytolysis. This cell death was RIPK1-independent but caspase1-dependent, and thus identified as pyroptosis. Endocytosis of ITO-NPs by activated THP-1 cells induced pyroptosis with IL-1\u03b2\/TNF-\u03b1 production and cytolysis, but not in activated THP-1 cells with knockdown of NLRP3, ASC, or caspase1. However, exposing activated THP-1 cells with NLRP3 or ASC knockdown to ITO-NPs resulted in cell death but without cytolysis, with deficiency in IL-1\u03b2\/TNF-\u03b1, and revealing features of apoptosis. While, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) co-cultured with macrophages impaired both inflammation and cell death induced by ITO-NPs. Together, our findings provide crucial insights to the pathophysiology of respiratory diseases caused by ITO particles, and identify MSCs as a potent therapeutic.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/srep26162","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,20]],"date-time":"2016-05-20T20:23:43Z","timestamp":1463775823000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["Endocytosis of indium-tin-oxide nanoparticles by macrophages provokes pyroptosis requiring NLRP3-ASC-Caspase1 axis that can be prevented by mesenchymal stem cells"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Abderrahim","family":"Naji","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Basilua Andr\u00e9","family":"Muzembo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ken-ichi","family":"Yagyu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nobuyasu","family":"Baba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric","family":"Deschaseaux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luc","family":"Senseb\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Narufumi","family":"Suganuma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFsrep26162_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1512","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.11-1880","volume":"141","author":"KJ Cummings","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cummings, K. 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