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The composition of vaginal microbiome is important for reproductive success and has not yet been characterized in the contexts of social structure and vaginal pathology in non-human primates (NHPs). We investigated vaginal size, vulvovaginal pathology and the presence of the main human subtypes of<jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>spp.\/ BV-related species in the vaginal microflora of baboons (<jats:italic>Papio spp<\/jats:italic>.). We performed morphometric measurements of external and internal genitalia (group I, n\u2009=\u200947), analyzed pathology records of animals from 1999\u20132015 (group II, n\u2009=\u200964 from a total of 12,776), and evaluated vaginal swabs using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (group III, n\u2009=\u200914). A total of 68 lesions were identified in 64 baboons.<jats:italic>Lactobacillus iners, Gardnerella vaginalis, Atopobium vaginae, Megasphaera I<\/jats:italic>, and<jats:italic>Megasphaera II<\/jats:italic>were not detected.<jats:italic>L. jensenii, L. crispatus<\/jats:italic>, and<jats:italic>L. gasseri<\/jats:italic>were detected in 2\/14 (14.2%), 1\/14 (7.1%), and 1\/14 (7.1%) samples, respectively.<jats:italic>BVAB2<\/jats:italic>was detected in 5\/14 (35.7%) samples. The differences in the vaginal milieu between NHP and humans might be the factor associated with human-specific pattern of placental development and should be taken in consideration in NHP models of human pharmacology and microbiology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/srep26817","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,26]],"date-time":"2016-05-26T09:32:45Z","timestamp":1464255165000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Vaginal Dysbiosis from an Evolutionary Perspective"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Natalia","family":"Schlabritz-Loutsevitch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Scott E","family":"Gygax","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Edward","family":"Dick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William L.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cathy","family":"Snider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gene","family":"Hubbard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gary","family":"Ventolini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFsrep26817_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haahr, T. et al. 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