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TIZ and RM-4848, the active metabolite of RM-5038, were shown to stimulate innate immunity <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>. Because natural resistance to HIV-1 infection in HIV-exposed seronegative (HESN) individuals is suggested to be associated with strong innate immune responses, we verified whether TIZ and RM-4848 could reduce the <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> infectiousness of HIV-1. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 20 healthy donors were infected <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> with HIV-1<jats:sub>BaL<\/jats:sub> in the presence\/absence of TIZ or RM4848. HIV-1 p24 were measured at different timepoints. The immunomodulatory abilities of TZD were evaluated by the expression of type I IFN pathway genes and the production of cytokines and chemokines. TZD drastically inhibited <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> HIV-1 replication (&gt;87%). This was associated with the activation of innate immune responses and with the up-regulation of several interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), including those involved in cholesterol pathway, particularly the cholesterol-25 hydroxylase (CH25H). TZD inhibition of HIV-1 replication <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> could be due to their ability to stimulate potent and multifaceted antiviral immune responses. These data warrant the exploration of TZD as preventive\/therapeutic agent in HIV infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/srep27148","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,2]],"date-time":"2016-06-02T09:16:36Z","timestamp":1464858996000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Thiazolides Elicit Anti-Viral Innate Immunity and Reduce HIV Replication"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Daria","family":"Trabattoni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Gnudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Salom\u00e8 V.","family":"Ibba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Irma","family":"Saulle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"Agostini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michela","family":"Masetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mara","family":"Biasin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jean-Francois","family":"Rossignol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Clerici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFsrep27148_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1086\/428839","volume":"40","author":"L Fox","year":"2006","unstructured":"Fox, L. & Saravolatz, L. 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