{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T22:53:49Z","timestamp":1791327229777,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,21]],"date-time":"2016-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1466467200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,21]],"date-time":"2016-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1466467200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The microbiome impacts human health and disease. Until recently, human breast tissue and milk were presumed to be sterile. Here, we investigated the presence of microbes in the nipple aspirate fluid (NAF) and their potential association with breast cancer. We compared the NAF microbiome between women with a history of breast cancer (BC) and healthy control women (HC) using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. The NAF microbiome from BC and HC showed significant differences in community composition. Two Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) showed differences in relative abundances between NAF collected from BC and HC. In NAF collected from BC, there was relatively higher incidence of the genus <jats:italic>Alistipes.<\/jats:italic> By contrast, an unclassified genus from the <jats:italic>Sphingomonadaceae<\/jats:italic> family was relatively more abundant in NAF from HC. These findings reflect the ductal source DNA since there were no differences between areolar skin samples collected from BC and HC. Furthermore, the microbes associated with BC share an enzymatic activity, Beta-Glucuronidase, which may promote breast cancer. This is the first report of bacterial DNA in human breast ductal fluid and the differences between NAF from HC and BC. Further investigation of the ductal microbiome and its potential role in breast cancer are warranted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/srep28061","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,21]],"date-time":"2016-06-21T10:03:27Z","timestamp":1466503407000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":190,"title":["Characterization of the microbiome of nipple aspirate fluid of breast cancer survivors"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Alfred A.","family":"Chan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mina","family":"Bashir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magali N.","family":"Rivas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Duvall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter A.","family":"Sieling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas R.","family":"Pieber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Parag A.","family":"Vaishampayan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan M.","family":"Love","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Delphine J.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFsrep28061_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2796.2000.00742.x","volume":"248","author":"H Kuper","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kuper, H., Adami, H. O. & Trichopoulos, D. Infections as a major preventable cause of human cancer. Journal of Internal Medicine 248, 171\u2013183, doi: 10.1046\/j.1365-2796.2000.00742.x (2000).","journal-title":"Journal of Internal Medicine"},{"key":"BFsrep28061_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(12)70137-7","volume":"13","author":"C de Martel","year":"2012","unstructured":"de Martel, C. et al. Global burden of cancers attributable to infections in 2008: a review and synthetic analysis. The Lancet Oncology 13, 607\u2013615, doi: 10.1016\/S1470-2045(12)70137-7 (2012).","journal-title":"The Lancet Oncology"},{"key":"BFsrep28061_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2008.03.002","volume":"659","author":"JK Kundu","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kundu, J. K. & Surh, Y. J. Inflammation: Gearing the journey to cancer. Mutation Research\/Reviews in Mutation Research 659, 15\u201330, doi: 10.1016\/j.mrrev.2008.03.002 (2008).","journal-title":"Mutation Research\/Reviews in Mutation Research"},{"key":"BFsrep28061_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1038\/nrclinonc.2015.105","volume":"12","author":"SM Crusz","year":"2015","unstructured":"Crusz, S. M. & Balkwill, F. R. Inflammation and cancer: advances and new agents. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 12, 584\u2013596, doi: 10.1038\/nrclinonc.2015.105 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat Rev Clin Oncol"},{"key":"BFsrep28061_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2014.01.001","volume":"146","author":"MT Abreu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Abreu, M. T. & Peek Jr., R. M. Gastrointestinal Malignancy and the Microbiome. Gastroenterology 146, 1534\u20131546, doi: 10.1053\/j.gastro.2014.01.001 (2014).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"BFsrep28061_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2013.07.007","volume":"14","author":"AD Kostic","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kostic, A. D. et al. Fusobacterium nucleatum Potentiates Intestinal Tumorigenesis and Modulates the Tumor-Immune Microenvironment. Cell Host & Microbe 14, 207\u2013215, doi: 10.1016\/j.chom.2013.07.007 (2013).","journal-title":"Cell Host & Microbe"},{"key":"BFsrep28061_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2014.02.007","volume":"15","author":"CL Sears","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sears, C. L. & Garrett, W. S. Microbes, Microbiota and Colon Cancer. Cell Host & Microbe 15, 317\u2013328, doi: 10.1016\/j.chom.2014.02.007 (2014).","journal-title":"Cell Host & Microbe"},{"key":"BFsrep28061_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3610","volume":"13","author":"RF Schwabe","year":"2013","unstructured":"Schwabe, R. F. & Jobin, C. The microbiome and cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 13, 800\u2013812, doi: 10.1038\/nrc3610 (2013).","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"BFsrep28061_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e83744","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0083744","volume":"9","author":"C Xuan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Xuan, C. et al. Microbial Dysbiosis Is Associated with Human Breast Cancer. PLoS ONE 9, e83744, doi: 10.1371\/journal.pone.0083744 (2014).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"BFsrep28061_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11234","volume":"486","author":"HMP Consortium","year":"2012","unstructured":"Consortium, H. M. P. Structure, function and diversity of the healthy human microbiome. Nature 486, 207\u2013214, doi: 10.1038\/nature11234 (2012).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFsrep28061_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1556","volume":"203","author":"JJ Going","year":"2004","unstructured":"Going, J. J. & Moffat, D. F. Escaping from Flatland: clinical and biological aspects of human mammary duct anatomy in three dimensions. The Journal of Pathology 203, 538\u2013544, doi: 10.1002\/path.1556 (2004).","journal-title":"The Journal of Pathology"},{"key":"BFsrep28061_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3007","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.00242-14","volume":"80","author":"C Urbaniak","year":"2014","unstructured":"Urbaniak, C. et al. Microbiota of Human Breast Tissue. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 80, 3007\u20133014, doi: 10.1128\/aem.00242-14 (2014).","journal-title":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology"},{"key":"BFsrep28061_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"068","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0033-1361824","volume":"32","author":"MS LaTuga","year":"2014","unstructured":"LaTuga, M. S., Stuebe, A. & Seed, P. C. A Review of the Source and Function of Microbiota in Breast Milk. Semin Reprod Med 32, 068\u2013073, doi: 10.1055\/s-0033-1361824 (2014).","journal-title":"Semin Reprod Med"},{"key":"BFsrep28061_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e21313","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0021313","volume":"6","author":"KM Hunt","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hunt, K. M. et al. Characterization of the Diversity and Temporal Stability of Bacterial Communities in Human Milk. PLoS ONE 6, e21313, doi: 10.1371\/journal.pone.0021313 (2011).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"BFsrep28061_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15162","DOI":"10.1038\/srep15162","volume":"5","author":"S Banerjee","year":"2015","unstructured":"Banerjee, S. et al. Distinct microbiological signatures associated with triple negative breast cancer. Scientific Reports 5, 15162, doi: 10.1038\/srep15162 (2015).","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"BFsrep28061_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.epirev.a036104","volume":"15","author":"NL Petrakis","year":"1993","unstructured":"Petrakis, N. L. Nipple Aspirate Fluid in Epidemiologic Studies of Breast Disease. Epidemiologic Reviews 15, 188\u2013195 (1993).","journal-title":"Epidemiologic Reviews"},{"key":"BFsrep28061_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pawlik, T. M. et al. Significant differences in nipple aspirate fluid protein expression between healthy women and those with breast cancer demonstrated by time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 89, 149\u2013157, doi: 10.1007\/s10549-004-1710-4.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-004-1710-4"},{"key":"BFsrep28061_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1171700","volume":"324","author":"EA Grice","year":"2009","unstructured":"Grice, E. A. et al. Topographical and Temporal Diversity of the Human Skin Microbiome. Science (New York, N.Y.) 324, 1190\u20131192, doi: 10.1126\/science.1171700 (2009).","journal-title":"Science (New York, N.Y.)"},{"key":"BFsrep28061_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1078\/072320203322346029","volume":"26","author":"M Rautio","year":"2003","unstructured":"Rautio, M. et al. Reclassification of Bacteroides putredinis (Weinberg et al., 1937) in a New Genus Alistipes gen. nov., as Alistipes putredinis comb. nov. and Description of Alistipes finegoldii sp. nov., from Human Sources. Systematic and Applied Microbiology 26, 182\u2013188, doi: 10.1078\/072320203322346029 (2003).","journal-title":"Systematic and Applied Microbiology"},{"key":"BFsrep28061_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6600336","volume":"86","author":"A Huang","year":"2002","unstructured":"Huang, A. et al. Serum tryptophan decrease correlates with immune activation and impaired quality of life in colorectal cancer. British Journal of Cancer 86, 1691\u20131696, doi: 10.1038\/sj.bjc.6600336 (2002).","journal-title":"British Journal of Cancer"},{"key":"BFsrep28061_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1950","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgl023","volume":"27","author":"AM Monjazeb","year":"2006","unstructured":"Monjazeb, A. M. et al. Arachidonic acid-induced gene expression in colon cancer cells. Carcinogenesis 27, 1950\u20131960, doi: 10.1093\/carcin\/bgl023 (2006).","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"BFsrep28061_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1007\/s11888-013-0190-5","volume":"9","author":"S Sreevalsan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sreevalsan, S. & Safe, S. REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES AND COLORECTAL CANCER. Current colorectal cancer reports 9, 350\u2013357, doi: 10.1007\/s11888-013-0190-5 (2013).","journal-title":"Current colorectal cancer reports"},{"key":"BFsrep28061_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nucmedbio.2009.10.011","volume":"37","author":"N Shikano","year":"2010","unstructured":"Shikano, N. et al. Uptake of 3-[125I]iodo-\u03b1-methyl-l-tyrosine into colon cancer DLD-1 cells: characterization and inhibitory effect of natural amino acids and amino acid-like drugs. Nuclear Medicine and Biology 37, 197\u2013204, doi: 10.1016\/j.nucmedbio.2009.10.011 (2010).","journal-title":"Nuclear Medicine and Biology"},{"key":"BFsrep28061_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1746","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djq444","volume":"102","author":"JH Lin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lin, J. H. & Giovannucci, E. Sex Hormones and Colorectal Cancer: What Have We Learned So Far? Journal of the National Cancer Institute 102, 1746\u20131747, doi: 10.1093\/jnci\/djq444 (2010).","journal-title":"Journal of the National Cancer Institute"},{"key":"BFsrep28061_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2008.02942.x","volume":"128","author":"S Matsumoto","year":"2009","unstructured":"Matsumoto, S. et al. A component of polysaccharide peptidoglycan complex on Lactobacillus induced an improvement of murine model of inflammatory bowel disease and colitis-associated cancer. Immunology 128, 170\u2013180, doi: 10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2008.02942.x (2009).","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"BFsrep28061_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibs.2014.02.004","volume":"39","author":"I Amelio","year":"2014","unstructured":"Amelio, I., Cutruzzol\u00e1, F., Antonov, A., Agostini, M. & Melino, G. Serine and glycine metabolism in cancer. Trends in Biochemical Sciences 39, 191\u2013198, doi: 10.1016\/j.tibs.2014.02.004 (2014).","journal-title":"Trends in Biochemical Sciences"},{"key":"BFsrep28061_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2012.00448","volume":"3","author":"F Carbonero","year":"2012","unstructured":"Carbonero, F., Benefiel, A. C., Alizadeh-Ghamsari, A. H. & Gaskins, H. R. Microbial pathways in colonic sulfur metabolism and links with health and disease. Frontiers in Physiology 3, 448, doi: 10.3389\/fphys.2012.00448 (2012).","journal-title":"Frontiers in Physiology"},{"key":"BFsrep28061_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.2676","volume":"8","author":"MGI Langille","year":"2013","unstructured":"Langille, M. G. I. et al. Predictive functional profiling of microbial communities using 16S rRNA marker gene sequences. Nature Biotechnology 8, 814\u2013821, doi: 10.1038\/nbt.2676 (2013).","journal-title":"Nature Biotechnology"},{"key":"BFsrep28061_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1586\/14789450.6.1.43","volume":"6","author":"F Mannello","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mannello, F., Medda, V. & Tonti, G. A. Protein profile ana lysis of the breast microenvironment to differentiate healthy women from breast cancer patients. Expert Review of Proteomics 6, 43\u201360, doi: 10.1586\/14789450.6.1.43 (2009).","journal-title":"Expert Review of Proteomics"},{"key":"BFsrep28061_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.02063-08","volume":"75","author":"R Mart\u00edn","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mart\u00edn, R. et al. Isolation of Bifidobacteria from Breast Milk and Assessment of the Bifidobacterial Population by PCR-Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis and Quantitative Real-Time PCR. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 75, 965\u2013969, doi: 10.1128\/aem.02063-08 (2009).","journal-title":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology"},{"key":"BFsrep28061_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2891","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.12238","volume":"16","author":"T Jost","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jost, T., Lacroix, C., Braegger, C. P., Rochat, F. & Chassard, C. Vertical mother\u2013neonate transfer of maternal gut bacteria via breastfeeding. Environmental Microbiology 16, 2891\u20132904, doi: 10.1111\/1462-2920.12238 (2014).","journal-title":"Environmental Microbiology"},{"key":"BFsrep28061_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.17235\/reed.2015.3830\/2015","volume":"107","author":"M Borges-Canha","year":"2015","unstructured":"Borges-Canha, M., Portela-Cidade, J. P., Dinis-Ribeiro, M., Leite-Moreira, A. F. & Pimentel-Nunes, P. Role of colonic microbiota in colorectal carcinogenesis: A systematic review. Rev Esp Enferm Dig 107, 11, doi: 10.17235\/reed.2015.3830\/2015 (2015).","journal-title":"Rev Esp Enferm Dig"},{"key":"BFsrep28061_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2836(05)80360-2","volume":"215","author":"SF Altschul","year":"1990","unstructured":"Altschul, S. F., Gish, W., Miller, W., Myers, E. W. & Lipman, D. J. Basic local alignment search tool. J. Mol. Biol. 215, 403\u2013410, doi: 10.1016\/S0022-2836(05)80360-2 (1990).","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"BFsrep28061_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.01708-07","volume":"74","author":"D Inoue","year":"2008","unstructured":"Inoue, D. et al. Degradation of Bis(4-Hydroxyphenyl)Methane (Bisphenol F) by Sphingobium yanoikuyae Strain FM-2 Isolated from River Water. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 74, 352\u2013358, doi: 10.1128\/aem.01708-07 (2008).","journal-title":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology"},{"key":"BFsrep28061_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1159\/000436956","volume":"10","author":"J Korsh","year":"2015","unstructured":"Korsh, J., Shen, A., Aliano, K. & Davenport, T. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Breast Cancer: A Review of the Literature. Breast Care 10, 316\u2013318, doi: 10.1159\/000436956 (2015).","journal-title":"Breast Care"},{"key":"BFsrep28061_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2466","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.can-10-1993","volume":"71","author":"Z Cai","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cai, Z. et al. Activation of Toll-like Receptor 5 on Breast Cancer Cells by Flagellin Suppresses Cell Proliferation and Tumor Growth. Cancer Research 71, 2466\u20132475, doi: 10.1158\/0008-5472.can-10-1993 (2011).","journal-title":"Cancer Research"},{"key":"BFsrep28061_CR37","first-page":"15","volume":"29","author":"A de Moreno de LeBlanc","year":"2005","unstructured":"de Moreno de LeBlanc, A. & Perdigon, G. Reduction of b-Glucuronidase and nitroreductase activity by yoghurt in a murine colon cancer model. Biocell 29, 15\u201324 (2005).","journal-title":"Biocell"},{"key":"BFsrep28061_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2419","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgm170","volume":"28","author":"C Humblot","year":"2007","unstructured":"Humblot, C. et al. \u03b2-Glucuronidase in human intestinal microbiota is necessary for the colonic genotoxicity of the food-borne carcinogen 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline in rats. Carcinogenesis 28, 2419\u20132425, doi: 10.1093\/carcin\/bgm170 (2007).","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"BFsrep28061_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02975166","volume":"24","author":"DH Kim","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kim, D. H. & Jin, Y. H. Intestinal bacterial beta-glucuronidase activity of patients with colon cancer. Arch Pharm Res. 24, 564\u2013567, doi: 10.1007\/BF02975166 (2001).","journal-title":"Arch Pharm Res."},{"key":"BFsrep28061_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4539","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1000066107","volume":"108","author":"K Gloux","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gloux, K. et al. A metagenomic \u03b2-glucuronidase uncovers a core adaptive function of the human intestinal microbiome. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108, 4539\u20134546, doi: 10.1073\/pnas.1000066107 (2011).","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"BFsrep28061_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jncimonographs.a024234","volume":"2000","author":"R Raftogianis","year":"2000","unstructured":"Raftogianis, R., Creveling, C., Weinshilboum, R. & Weisz, J. Chapter 6: Estrogen Metabolism by Conjugation. JNCI Monographs 2000, 113\u2013124 (2000).","journal-title":"JNCI Monographs"},{"key":"BFsrep28061_CR42","first-page":"1","volume":"1","author":"DC Hall","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hall, D. C. Nutritional influences on estrogen metabolism. Applied Nutritional Science Reports 1, 1\u20138 (2001).","journal-title":"Applied Nutritional Science Reports"},{"key":"BFsrep28061_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/7.9.1463","volume":"7","author":"Z Walaszek","year":"1986","unstructured":"Walaszek, Z., Hanausek-Walaszek, M., Minton, J. P. & Webb, T. E. Dietary glucarate as anti-promoter of 7, 12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced mammary tumorigenesis. Carcinogenesis 7, 1463\u20131466, doi: 10.1093\/carcin\/7.9.1463 (1986).","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"BFsrep28061_CR44","unstructured":"Calcium-D-Glucarate. Alternative Medicine Review 7, 336\u2013339 (2002)."},{"key":"BFsrep28061_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb3058","volume":"16","author":"FA Scheeren","year":"2014","unstructured":"Scheeren, F. A. et al. A cell-intrinsic role for TLR2\u2013MYD88 in intestinal and breast epithelia and oncogenesis. Nat Cell Biol 16, 1238\u20131248, doi: 10.1038\/ncb3058 (2014).","journal-title":"Nat Cell Biol"},{"key":"BFsrep28061_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11465","volume":"491","author":"SI Grivennikov","year":"2012","unstructured":"Grivennikov, S. I. et al. Adenoma-linked barrier defects and microbial products drive IL-23\/IL-17-mediated tumour growth. Nature 491, 254\u2013258, doi: 10.1038\/nature11465 (2012).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFsrep28061_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.1990.tb00996.x","volume":"34","author":"E Yabuuchi","year":"1990","unstructured":"Yabuuchi, E. et al. Proposals of Sphingomonas paucimobilis gen. nov. and comb. nov., Sphingomonas parapaucimobilis sp. nov., Sphingomonas yanoikuyae sp. nov., Sphingomonas adhaesiva sp. nov., Sphingomonas capsulata comb, nov. and Two Genospecies of the Genus Sphingomonas. Microbiology and Immunology 34, 99\u2013119, doi: 10.1111\/j.1348-0421.1990.tb00996.x (1990).","journal-title":"Microbiology and Immunology"},{"key":"BFsrep28061_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.epi-06-0974","volume":"16","author":"K Visvanathan","year":"2007","unstructured":"Visvanathan, K. et al. The Reliability of Nipple Aspirate and Ductal Lavage in Women at Increased Risk for Breast Cancer\u2014a Potential Tool for Breast Cancer Risk Assessment and Biomarker Evaluation. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention 16, 950\u2013955, doi: 10.1158\/1055-9965.epi-06-0974 (2007).","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention"},{"key":"BFsrep28061_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2012.8","volume":"6","author":"JG Caporaso","year":"2012","unstructured":"Caporaso, J. G. et al. Ultra-high-throughput microbial community analysis on the Illumina HiSeq and MiSeq platforms. ISME J 6, 1621\u20131624, doi: 10.1038\/ismej.2012.8 (2012).","journal-title":"ISME J"},{"key":"BFsrep28061_CR50","unstructured":"Andrews, S. FASTQC : a quality control tool for high throughput sequence data. URL http:\/\/www.bioinformatics.babraham.ac.uk\/projects\/fastqc (2010)."},{"key":"BFsrep28061_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7537","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.01541-09","volume":"75","author":"PD Schloss","year":"2009","unstructured":"Schloss, P. D. et al. Introducing mothur: Open-Source, Platform-Independent, Community-Supported Software for Describing and Comparing Microbial Communities. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 75, 7537\u20137541, doi: 10.1128\/aem.01541-09 (2009).","journal-title":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology"},{"key":"BFsrep28061_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D590","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks1219","volume":"41","author":"C Quast","year":"2013","unstructured":"Quast, C. et al. The SILVA ribosomal RNA gene database project: improved data processing and web-based tools. Nucleic Acids Research 41, D590\u2013D596, doi: 10.1093\/nar\/gks1219 (2013).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Research"},{"key":"BFsrep28061_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2194","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btr381","volume":"27","author":"RC Edgar","year":"2011","unstructured":"Edgar, R. C., Haas, B. J., Clemente, J. C., Quince, C. & Knight, R. UCHIME improves sensitivity and speed of chimera detection. Bioinformatics 27, 2194\u20132200, doi: 10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btr381 (2011).","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"BFsrep28061_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D633","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkt1244","volume":"42","author":"JR Cole","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cole J. R. et al. Ribosomal Database Project: data and tools for high throughput rRNA analysis. Nucleic Acids Res 42, D633\u2013D642, doi: 10.1093\/nar\/gkt1244 (2014).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"BFsrep28061_CR55","unstructured":"Oksanen, J. et al. vegan: Community Ecology Package. R package version 2.3-5. URL http:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=vegan (2016)."},{"key":"BFsrep28061_CR56","unstructured":"R Core Team R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Vienna, Austria. URL https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/(2015)."},{"key":"BFsrep28061_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5069","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.03006-05","volume":"72","author":"TZ DeSantis","year":"2006","unstructured":"DeSantis, T. Z. et al. Greengenes, a Chimera-Checked 16S rRNA Gene Database and Workbench Compatible with ARB. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72, 5069\u20135072, doi: 10.1128\/aem.03006-05 (2006).","journal-title":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology"},{"key":"BFsrep28061_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/27.1.29","volume":"28","author":"M Kanehisa","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kanehisa, M. & Goto, S. KEGG: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes. Nucleic Acids Res 28, 27\u201330, doi: 10.1093\/nar\/27.1.29 (2000).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep28061","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep28061.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep28061.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,4]],"date-time":"2023-01-04T17:23:36Z","timestamp":1672853016000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep28061"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,21]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,13]]}},"alternative-id":["BFsrep28061"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep28061","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 March 2016","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 May 2016","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 June 2016","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing financial interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"28061"}}