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Some microbial proteins involved in host\u2013GAG binding have been described; however, a systematic study on microbial proteome\u2013mammalian GAG interactions has not been conducted. Here, we used<jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>proteome chips to probe four typical mammalian GAGs, heparin, heparan sulphate (HS), chondroitin sulphate B (CSB) and chondroitin sulphate C (CSC) and identified 185 heparin-, 62 HS-, 98 CSB- and 101 CSC-interacting proteins. Bioinformatics analyses revealed the unique functions of heparin- and HS-specific interacting proteins in glycine, serine and threonine metabolism. Among all the GAG-interacting proteins, three were outer membrane proteins (MbhA, YcbS and YmgH). Invasion assays confirmed that mutant<jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>lacking<jats:italic>ycbS<\/jats:italic>could not invade the epithelial cells. Introducing plasmid carrying<jats:italic>ycbS<\/jats:italic>complemented the invading defects at<jats:italic>ycbS<\/jats:italic>lacking<jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>mutant, that can be further improved by overexpressing<jats:italic>ycbS<\/jats:italic>. Preblocking epithelial cells with YcbS reduced the percentage of<jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>invasions. Moreover, we observed that whole components of the<jats:italic>ycb<\/jats:italic>operon were crucial for invasion. The displacement assay revealed that YcbS binds to the laminin-binding site of heparin and might affect the host extracellular matrix structure by displacing heparin from laminin.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/srep28425","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,21]],"date-time":"2016-06-21T09:16:03Z","timestamp":1466500563000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Systematic protein interactome analysis of glycosaminoglycans revealed YcbS as a novel bacterial virulence factor"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Felix Shih-Hsiang","family":"Hsiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"FX Reymond","family":"Sutandy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guan-Da","family":"Syu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi-Wen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jun-Mu","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chien-Sheng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFsrep28425_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1993.tb01729.x","volume":"9","author":"B Westerlund","year":"1993","unstructured":"Westerlund, B. & Korhonen, T. 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