{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T11:16:12Z","timestamp":1773659772831,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,28]],"date-time":"2016-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1467072000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,28]],"date-time":"2016-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1467072000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>During the co-evolution of viruses and their hosts, the viruses have evolved numerous strategies to counter and evade host antiviral immune responses in order to establish a successful infection, replicate and persist in the host. Recently, based on our model of immune signaling, the Signaling Chain HOmoOLigomerization (SCHOOL) model, we suggested specific molecular mechanisms used by different viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) to modulate the host immune response mediated by members of the family of multichain immune recognition receptors (MIRRs). This family includes T cell receptor (TCR) that is critically involved in immune diseases such as autoimmune arthritis. In the present study, we provide compelling experimental <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> evidence in support of our hypothesis. Using the SCHOOL approach and the SARS-CoV fusion peptide sequence, we rationally designed a novel immunomodulatory peptide that targets TCR. We showed that this peptide ameliorates collagen-induced arthritis in DBA\/1J mice and protects against bone and cartilage damage. Incorporation of the peptide into self-assembling lipopeptide nanoparticles that mimic native human high density lipoproteins significantly increases peptide dosage efficacy. Together, our data further confirm that viral immune evasion strategies that target MIRRs can be transferred to therapeutic strategies that require similar functionalities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/srep28672","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,28]],"date-time":"2016-06-28T09:17:31Z","timestamp":1467105451000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["SARS Coronavirus Fusion Peptide-Derived Sequence Suppresses Collagen-Induced Arthritis in DBA\/1J Mice"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Zu T.","family":"Shen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexander B.","family":"Sigalov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFsrep28672_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.25.022106.141706","volume":"25","author":"J Chen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Chen, J. & Subbarao, K. The Immunobiology of SARS*. Annu Rev Immunol 25, 443\u2013472 (2007).","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"BFsrep28672_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1086\/378587","volume":"37","author":"W Cui","year":"2003","unstructured":"Cui, W. et al. Expression of lymphocytes and lymphocyte subsets in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome. Clin Infect Dis 37, 857\u2013859 (2003).","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"BFsrep28672_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2141.2003.04513.x","volume":"122","author":"KF Wong","year":"2003","unstructured":"Wong, K. F., To, T. S. & Chan, J. K. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Br J Haematol 122, 171 (2003).","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"BFsrep28672_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2004.07.014","volume":"9","author":"Z He","year":"2005","unstructured":"He, Z. et al. Effects of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus infection on peripheral blood lymphocytes and their subsets. Int J Infect Dis 9, 323\u2013330 (2005).","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"BFsrep28672_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.1989.5.431","volume":"5","author":"WR Gallaher","year":"1989","unstructured":"Gallaher, W. R., Ball, J. M., Garry, R. F., Griffin, M. C. & Montelaro, R. C. A general model for the transmembrane proteins of HIV and other retroviruses. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 5, 431\u2013440 (1989).","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses"},{"key":"BFsrep28672_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81248-9","volume":"85","author":"WR Gallaher","year":"1996","unstructured":"Gallaher, W. R. Similar structural models of the transmembrane proteins of Ebola and avian sarcoma viruses. Cell 85, 477\u2013478 (1996).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"BFsrep28672_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2004.04.141","volume":"319","author":"J Zhu","year":"2004","unstructured":"Zhu, J. et al. Following the rule: formation of the 6-helix bundle of the fusion core from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein and identification of potent peptide inhibitors. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 319, 283\u2013288 (2004).","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"BFsrep28672_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8709","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0402753101","volume":"101","author":"P Ingallinella","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ingallinella, P. et al. Structural characterization of the fusion-active complex of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101, 8709\u20138714 (2004).","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"BFsrep28672_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2867","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-81-12-2867","volume":"81","author":"F Taguchi","year":"2000","unstructured":"Taguchi, F. & Shimazaki, Y. K. Functional analysis of an epitope in the S2 subunit of the murine coronavirus spike protein: involvement in fusion activity. J Gen Virol 81, 2867\u20132871 (2000).","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"BFsrep28672_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7195","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.11.7195-7206.2005","volume":"79","author":"B Sainz Jr.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sainz, B., Jr., Rausch, J. M., Gallaher, W. R., Garry, R. F. & Wimley, W. C. Identification and characterization of the putative fusion peptide of the severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus spike protein. J Virol 79, 7195\u20137206 (2005).","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"BFsrep28672_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5699(92)90136-U","volume":"13","author":"AD Keegan","year":"1992","unstructured":"Keegan, A. D. & Paul, W. E. Multichain immune recognition receptors: similarities in structure and signaling pathways. Immunol Today 13, 63\u201368 (1992).","journal-title":"Immunol Today"},{"key":"BFsrep28672_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2004.09.003","volume":"17","author":"A Sigalov","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sigalov, A. Multi-chain immune recognition receptors: spatial organization and signal transduction. Semin. Immunol. 17, 51\u201364 (2005).","journal-title":"Semin. Immunol."},{"key":"BFsrep28672_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2004.08.009","volume":"25","author":"AB Sigalov","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sigalov, A. B. Multichain immune recognition receptor signaling: different players, same game? Trends Immunol 25, 583\u2013589 (2004).","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"BFsrep28672_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0197-84","volume":"3","author":"N Manolios","year":"1997","unstructured":"Manolios, N. et al. T-cell antigen receptor transmembrane peptides modulate T-cell function and T cell-mediated disease. Nat Med 3, 84\u201388 (1997).","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"BFsrep28672_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2142801","volume":"249","author":"N Manolios","year":"1990","unstructured":"Manolios, N., Bonifacino, J. S. & Klausner, R. D. Transmembrane helical interactions and the assembly of the T cell receptor complex. Science 249, 274\u2013277 (1990).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFsrep28672_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(02)01194-7","volume":"111","author":"ME Call","year":"2002","unstructured":"Call, M. E., Pyrdol, J., Wiedmann, M. & Wucherpfennig, K. W. The organizing principle in the formation of the T cell receptor-CD3 complex. Cell 111, 967\u2013979 (2002).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"BFsrep28672_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.06-7061com","volume":"21","author":"I Bloch","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bloch, I. et al. T-Cell inactivation and immunosuppressive activity induced by HIV gp41 via novel interacting motif. Faseb J 21, 393\u2013401 (2007).","journal-title":"Faseb J"},{"key":"BFsrep28672_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2149","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI23956","volume":"115","author":"FJ Quintana","year":"2005","unstructured":"Quintana, F. J., Gerber, D., Kent, S. C., Cohen, I. R. & Shai, Y. HIV-1 fusion peptide targets the TCR and inhibits antigen-specific T cell activation. J Clin Invest 115, 2149\u20132158 (2005).","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"BFsrep28672_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1006\/clim.2002.5270","volume":"105","author":"XM Wang","year":"2002","unstructured":"Wang, X. M. et al. T-cell antigen receptor peptides inhibit signal transduction within the membrane bilayer. Clin Immunol 105, 199\u2013207 (2002).","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"key":"BFsrep28672_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2006.04.013","volume":"1763","author":"MA Amon","year":"2006","unstructured":"Amon, M. A. et al. Lipidation and glycosylation of a T cell antigen receptor (TCR) transmembrane hydrophobic peptide dramatically enhances in vitro and in vivo function. Biochim Biophys Acta 1763, 879\u2013888 (2006).","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"BFsrep28672_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1479-8077.2007.00289.x","volume":"10","author":"N Kurosaka","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kurosaka, N., Ali, M., Byth, K. & Manolios, N. The mode of anti-arthritic peptide delivery impacts on the severity and outcome of adjuvant induced arthritis. APLAR J Rheumatol 10, 198\u2013203 (2007).","journal-title":"APLAR J Rheumatol"},{"key":"BFsrep28672_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/s10989-006-9025-4","volume":"12","author":"M Ali","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ali, M. et al. T-Cell Antigen Receptor-alpha Chain Transmembrane Peptides: Correlation between Structure and Function. Int J Pept Res Ther 12, 261\u2013267 (2006).","journal-title":"Int J Pept Res Ther"},{"key":"BFsrep28672_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.2006.01806.x","volume":"64","author":"S Collier","year":"2006","unstructured":"Collier, S., Bolte, A. & Manolios, N. Discrepancy in CD3-transmembrane peptide activity between in vitro and in vivo T-cell inhibition. Scand J Immunol 64, 388\u2013391 (2006).","journal-title":"Scand J Immunol"},{"key":"BFsrep28672_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.2174\/092986607780090865","volume":"14","author":"N Kurosaka","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kurosaka, N., Bolte, A., Ali, M. & Manolios, N. T-cell antigen receptor assembly and cell surface expression is not affected by treatment with T-cell antigen receptor-alpha chain transmembrane Peptide. Protein Pept Lett 14, 299\u2013303 (2007).","journal-title":"Protein Pept Lett"},{"key":"BFsrep28672_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-8749(02)00002-3","volume":"215","author":"XM Wang","year":"2002","unstructured":"Wang, X. M., Djordjevic, J. T., Bender, V. & Manolios, N. T cell antigen receptor (TCR) transmembrane peptides colocalize with TCR, not lipid rafts, in surface membranes. Cell Immunol 215, 12\u201319 (2002).","journal-title":"Cell Immunol"},{"key":"BFsrep28672_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2006.08.004","volume":"27","author":"AB Sigalov","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sigalov, A. B. Immune cell signaling: a novel mechanistic model reveals new therapeutic targets. Trends Pharmacol Sci 27, 518\u2013524 (2006).","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"BFsrep28672_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.07-0603ltr","volume":"21","author":"AB Sigalov","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sigalov, A. B. Interaction between HIV gp41 fusion peptide and T cell receptor: putting the puzzle pieces back together. Faseb J 21, 1633\u20131634; author reply 1635 (2007).","journal-title":"Faseb J"},{"key":"BFsrep28672_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-09789-3_20","volume":"640","author":"AB Sigalov","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sigalov, A. B. SCHOOL model and new targeting strategies. Adv Exp Med Biol 640, 268\u2013311 (2008).","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"BFsrep28672_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000404","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000404","volume":"5","author":"AB Sigalov","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sigalov, A. B. Novel mechanistic insights into viral modulation of immune receptor signaling. PLoS Pathog 5, e1000404 (2009).","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"BFsrep28672_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2007.173","volume":"2","author":"DD Brand","year":"2007","unstructured":"Brand, D. D., Latham, K. A. & Rosloniec, E. F. Collagen-induced arthritis. Nat Protoc 2, 1269\u20131275 (2007).","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"key":"BFsrep28672_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.04-3498fje","volume":"19","author":"D Gerber","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gerber, D., Quintana, F. J., Bloch, I., Cohen, I. R. & Shai, Y. D-enantiomer peptide of the TCRalpha transmembrane domain inhibits T-cell activation in vitro and in vivo . Faseb J 19, 1190\u20131192 (2005).","journal-title":"Faseb J"},{"key":"BFsrep28672_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2317","DOI":"10.1021\/bi061849g","volume":"46","author":"FJ Quintana","year":"2007","unstructured":"Quintana, F. J., Gerber, D., Bloch, I., Cohen, I. R. & Shai, Y. A structurally altered D,L-amino acid TCRalpha transmembrane peptide interacts with the TCRalpha and inhibits T-cell activation in vitro and in an animal model. Biochemistry 46, 2317\u20132325 (2007).","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"BFsrep28672_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2014.05.001","volume":"21","author":"AB Sigalov","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sigalov, A. B. A novel ligand-independent peptide inhibitor of TREM-1 suppresses tumor growth in human lung cancer xenografts and prolongs survival of mice with lipopolysaccharide-induced septic shock. Int Immunopharmacol 21, 208\u2013219 (2014).","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"BFsrep28672_CR34","unstructured":"Shen, Z. T. & Sigalov, A. B. Novel Ligand-Independent Peptide Inhibitors of Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells 1 (TREM-1) and T Cell Receptor (TCR): Efficacy in a Collagen-Induced Arthritis Model Suggests New Targeted Treatment for Rheumatoid Arthritis [abstract]. Arthritis Rheumatol 67 (2015)."},{"key":"BFsrep28672_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.3109\/10717544.2013.819611","volume":"20","author":"S Gupta","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gupta, S. et al. Oral delivery of therapeutic proteins and peptides: a review on recent developments. Drug Deliv 20, 237\u2013246 (2013).","journal-title":"Drug Deliv"},{"key":"BFsrep28672_CR36","first-page":"193","volume":"63","author":"RH Furman","year":"1964","unstructured":"Furman, R. H., Sanbar, S. S., Alaupovic, P., Bradford, R. H. & Howard, R. P. Studies of the Metabolism of Radioiodinated Human Serum Alpha Lipoprotein in Normal and Hyperlipidemic Subjects. J Lab Clin Med 63, 193\u2013204 (1964).","journal-title":"J Lab Clin Med"},{"key":"BFsrep28672_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.68.1.144","volume":"68","author":"IK Campbell","year":"2000","unstructured":"Campbell, I. K., Rich, M. J., Bischof, R. J. & Hamilton, J. A. The colony-stimulating factors and collagen-induced arthritis: exacerbation of disease by M-CSF and G-CSF and requirement for endogenous M-CSF. J Leukoc Biol 68, 144\u2013150 (2000).","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"BFsrep28672_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2356","volume":"8","author":"JA Hamilton","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hamilton, J. A. Colony-stimulating factors in inflammation and autoimmunity. Nat Rev Immunol 8, 533\u2013544 (2008).","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"BFsrep28672_CR39","first-page":"411","volume":"4","author":"V Praloran","year":"1990","unstructured":"Praloran, V. et al. Inducible production of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (CSF-1) by malignant and normal human T cells. Leukemia 4, 411\u2013414 (1990).","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"BFsrep28672_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.71.2.289","volume":"71","author":"S Fretier","year":"2002","unstructured":"Fretier, S. et al. Cyclosporin A inhibition of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) production by activated human T lymphocytes. J Leukoc Biol 71, 289\u2013294 (2002).","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"BFsrep28672_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kep028","volume":"48","author":"K Nistala","year":"2009","unstructured":"Nistala, K. & Wedderburn, L. R. Th17 and regulatory T cells: rebalancing pro- and anti-inflammatory forces in autoimmune arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 48, 602\u2013606 (2009).","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"BFsrep28672_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.4161\/self.1.4.13279","volume":"1","author":"AB Sigalov","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sigalov, A. B. The SCHOOL of nature: IV. Learning from viruses. Self Nonself 1, 282\u2013298 (2010).","journal-title":"Self Nonself"},{"key":"BFsrep28672_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.4161\/self.1.3.12794","volume":"1","author":"AB Sigalov","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sigalov, A. B. The SCHOOL of nature: III. From mechanistic understanding to novel therapies. Self Nonself 1, 192\u2013224 (2010).","journal-title":"Self Nonself"},{"key":"BFsrep28672_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.4161\/cam.4.2.10746","volume":"4","author":"AB Sigalov","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sigalov, A. B. New therapeutic strategies targeting transmembrane signal transduction in the immune system. Cell Adh Migr 4, 255\u2013267 (2010).","journal-title":"Cell Adh Migr"},{"key":"BFsrep28672_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-09789-3_22","volume":"640","author":"WM Kim","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kim, W. M. & Sigalov, A. B. Viral pathogenesis, modulation of immune receptor signaling and treatment. Adv Exp Med Biol 640, 325\u2013349 (2008).","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"BFsrep28672_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4194","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00059-08","volume":"82","author":"KR Jerome","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jerome, K. R. Viral modulation of T-cell receptor signaling. J Virol 82, 4194\u20134204 (2008).","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"BFsrep28672_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2541505","volume":"244","author":"ML Bosch","year":"1989","unstructured":"Bosch, M. L. et al. Identification of the fusion peptide of primate immunodeficiency viruses. Science 244, 694\u2013697 (1989).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFsrep28672_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(87)90485-5","volume":"50","author":"WR Gallaher","year":"1987","unstructured":"Gallaher, W. R. Detection of a fusion peptide sequence in the transmembrane protein of human immunodeficiency virus. Cell 50, 327\u2013328 (1987).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"BFsrep28672_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2008.08.004","volume":"39","author":"AS Vanniasinghe","year":"2009","unstructured":"Vanniasinghe, A. S., Bender, V. & Manolios, N. The potential of liposomal drug delivery for the treatment of inflammatory arthritis. Semin Arthritis Rheum 39, 182\u2013196 (2009).","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"BFsrep28672_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-0960.2002.00603.x","volume":"43","author":"N Manolios","year":"2002","unstructured":"Manolios, N., Huynh, N. T. & Collier, S. Peptides in the treatment of inflammatory skin disease. Australas J Dermatol 43, 226\u2013227 (2002).","journal-title":"Australas J Dermatol"},{"key":"BFsrep28672_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.4161\/cam.4.2.11909","volume":"4","author":"N Manolios","year":"2010","unstructured":"Manolios, N., Ali, M. & Bender, V. T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) transmembrane peptides: A new paradigm for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Cell Adh Migr 4, 273\u2013283 (2010).","journal-title":"Cell Adh Migr"},{"key":"BFsrep28672_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.gt.3301183","volume":"7","author":"GP Gollner","year":"2000","unstructured":"Gollner, G. P., Muller, G., Alt, R., Knop, J. & Enk, A. H. Therapeutic application of T cell receptor mimic peptides or cDNA in the treatment of T cell-mediated skin diseases. Gene Ther 7, 1000\u20131004 (2000).","journal-title":"Gene Ther"},{"key":"BFsrep28672_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-09789-3_12","volume":"640","author":"AB Sigalov","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sigalov, A. B. Signaling chain homooligomerization (SCHOOL) model. Adv Exp Med Biol 640, 121\u2013163 (2008).","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"BFsrep28672_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/0076-6879(86)28092-1","volume":"128","author":"A Jonas","year":"1986","unstructured":"Jonas, A. Reconstitution of high-density lipoproteins. Methods Enzymol 128, 553\u2013582 (1986).","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol"},{"key":"BFsrep28672_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0143453","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0143453","volume":"10","author":"ZT Shen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shen, Z. T., Zheng, S., Gounis, M. J. & Sigalov, A. B. Diagnostic Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Atherosclerosis in Apolipoprotein E Knockout Mouse Model Using Macrophage-Targeted Gadolinium-Containing Synthetic Lipopeptide Nanoparticles. PLoS One 10, e0143453 (2015).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"BFsrep28672_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1002\/cmmi.1587","volume":"9","author":"AB Sigalov","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sigalov, A. B. Nature-inspired nanoformulations for contrast-enhanced in vivo MR imaging of macrophages. Contrast Media Mol Imaging 9, 372\u2013382 (2014).","journal-title":"Contrast Media Mol Imaging"},{"key":"BFsrep28672_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2205","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1004965","volume":"365","author":"IB McInnes","year":"2011","unstructured":"McInnes, I. B. & Schett, G. The pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med 365, 2205\u20132219 (2011).","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"BFsrep28672_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2013.10.005","volume":"150","author":"M Ali","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ali, M. et al. Cyclization enhances function of linear anti-arthritic peptides. Clin Immunol 150, 121\u2013133 (2014).","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"key":"BFsrep28672_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.10.012","volume":"211","author":"S Bahrami","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bahrami, S., Laska, M. J., Pedersen, F. S. & Duch, M. Immune suppressive activity of the influenza fusion peptide. Virus Res 211, 126\u2013132 (2016).","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"key":"BFsrep28672_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1517\/14728222.12.6.677","volume":"12","author":"AB Sigalov","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sigalov, A. B. Novel mechanistic concept of platelet inhibition. Expert Opin Ther Targets 12, 677\u2013692 (2008).","journal-title":"Expert Opin Ther Targets"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep28672.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep28672","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep28672.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]],"date-time":"2023-01-05T04:54:15Z","timestamp":1672894455000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep28672"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,28]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,30]]}},"alternative-id":["BFsrep28672"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep28672","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 March 2016","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 June 2016","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 June 2016","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Alexander B. Sigalov and Zu T. Shen are employees of SignaBlok, Inc. The funders provided support in the form of salaries for authors [ABS and ZTS], but did not have any additional role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. The specific roles of these authors are articulated in the \u2018author contributions\u2019 section.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"28672"}}