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Although various antigens have been considered, what actually triggers the inflammatory response of T cells is unknown. In the present study, we propose that intracellular bacteria present within tissues trigger T cell infiltration and provide target antigens. Sections of OLP (n\u2009=\u200936) and normal (n\u2009=\u200910) oral mucosal tissues were subjected to <jats:italic>in situ<\/jats:italic> hybridization using a universal probe targeting the bacterial 16S rRNA gene and immunohistochemistry with anti-CD3, anti-CD4, anti-CD8, and anti-macrophage-specific antibodies. Bacteria were abundant throughout the epithelium and the lamina propria of OLP tissues, which exhibited positive correlations with the levels of infiltrated CD3<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>, CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>, and CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> cells. Furthermore, bacteria were detected within the infiltrated T cells. Pyrosequencing analysis of the mucosal microbiota from OLP patients (n\u2009=\u200913) and control subjects (n\u2009=\u200911) revealed a decrease in <jats:italic>Streptococcus<\/jats:italic> and increases in gingivitis\/periodontitis-associated bacteria in OLP lesions. Using the selected bacterial species, we demonstrated that certain oral bacteria damage the epithelial physical barrier, are internalized into epithelial cells or T cells, and induce production of T cell chemokines CXCL10 and CCL5. 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