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Unilateral anterior crossbite (UAC) was established to induce TMJ degeneration in rats. Saline vehicle, \u03b12- and \u03b2-adrenoreceptor antagonists or agonists were injected locally into the TMJ area of UAC rats. Cartilage degeneration, subchondral bone microarchitecture and the expression of adrenoreceptors, aggrecans, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and RANKL by chondrocytes were evaluated. Chondrocytes were stimulated by norepinephrine to investigate signal transduction of adrenoreceptors. Increased \u03b12A-adrenoreceptor expression was observed in condylar cartilage of UAC rats, together with cartilage degeneration and subchondral bone loss. Norepinephrine depresses aggrecans expression but stimulates MMP-3, MMP-13 and RANKL production by chondrocytes through ERK1\/2 and PKA pathway; these effects were abolished by an \u03b12A-adrenoreceptor antagonist. Furthermore, inhibition of \u03b12A-adrenoreceptor attenuated degenerative remodelling in the condylar cartilage and subchondral bone, as revealed by increased cartilage thickness, proteoglycans and aggrecan expression and decreased MMP-3, MMP-13 and RANKL expressions in cartilage, increased BMD, BV\/TV and decreased Tb.Sp in subchondral bone. Conversely, activation of \u03b12A-adrenoreceptor intensified aforementioned degenerative changes in UAC rats. It is concluded that activation of \u03b12A-adrenergic signal in chondrocytes promotes TMJ degenerative remodelling by chondrocyte-mediated pro-catabolic activities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/srep30085","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,25]],"date-time":"2016-07-25T09:00:25Z","timestamp":1469437225000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Activation of \u03b12A-adrenergic signal transduction in chondrocytes promotes degenerative remodelling of temporomandibular joint"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Kai","family":"Jiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guang","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li-Na","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hong-xu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gao-tong","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xin-yue","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fei-fei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Franklin R.","family":"Tay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mei-qing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFsrep30085_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1002\/art.23176","volume":"58","author":"RC Lawrence","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lawrence, R. 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