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One such signal is found in dingoes, <jats:italic>Canis familiaris dingo<\/jats:italic>. This stereotyped, multicomponent \u2018bark-howl\u2019 vocalisation is formed by the concatenation of a noisy bark segment and a tonal howl segment. Both segments are structurally similar to bark and howl vocalisations produced independently in other contexts (e.g. intra- and inter-pack communication). Bark-howls are mainly uttered in response to human presence and were hypothesized to serve as alarm calls. We investigated the function of bark-howls and the respective roles of the bark and howl segments. We found that dingoes could discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar howl segments, after having only heard familiar howl vocalisations (i.e. different calls). We propose that howl segments could function as \u2018identity signals\u2019 and allow receivers to modulate their responses according to the caller\u2019s characteristics. The bark segment increased receivers\u2019 attention levels, providing support for earlier observational claims that barks have an \u2018alerting\u2019 function. Lastly, dingoes were more likely to display vigilance behaviours upon hearing bark-howl vocalisations, lending support to the alarm function hypothesis. Canid vocalisations, such as the dingo bark-howl, may provide a model system to investigate the selective pressures shaping complex communication systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/srep30556","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,27]],"date-time":"2016-07-27T09:23:42Z","timestamp":1469611422000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Concatenation of \u2018alert\u2019 and \u2018identity\u2019 segments in dingoes\u2019 alarm calls"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Elo\u00efse C.","family":"D\u00e9aux","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew P.","family":"Allen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer A.","family":"Clarke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabelle","family":"Charrier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFsrep30556_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-3472(05)80600-1","volume":"42","author":"T Guilford","year":"1991","unstructured":"Guilford, T. & Dawkins, M. 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