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AOA predominate in the majority of soils but an increasing number of studies have found that nitrification is largely attributed to AOB. The reasons for this remain poorly understood. Here,\n                    <jats:italic>amoA<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene abundance was used to study the distribution of AOA and AOB in agricultural soils on different parent materials and in contrasting geologic landscapes across Australia (n\u2009=\u2009135 sites). AOA and AOB abundances separated according to the geologic age of the parent rock with AOB higher in the more weathered, semi-arid soils of Western Australia. AOA dominated the younger, higher pH soils of Eastern Australia, independent of any effect of land management and fertilization. This differentiation reflects the age of the underlying parent material and has implications for our understanding of global patterns of nitrification and soil microbial diversity. Western Australian soils are derived from weathered archaean laterite and are acidic and copper deficient. Copper is a co-factor in the oxidation of ammonia by AOA but not AOB. Thus, copper deficiency could explain the unexpectedly low populations of AOA in Western Australian soils.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/srep30733","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,2]],"date-time":"2016-08-02T06:24:13Z","timestamp":1470119053000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Ancient landscapes and the relationship with microbial nitrification"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Sasha N.","family":"Jenkins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel V.","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian S.","family":"Waite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven P.","family":"Rushton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony G.","family":"O\u2019Donnell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFsrep30733_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7501","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01960-12","volume":"78","author":"R Hatzenpichler","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hatzenpichler, R. Diversity, physiology, and niche differentiation of ammonia-oxidizing Archaea. Appl. Environ. Microb. 78, 7501\u20137510 (2012).","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microb."},{"key":"BFsrep30733_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Banning, N. C., Maccarone, L. D., Fisk, L. M. & Murphy, D. V. Ammonia-oxidising bacteria and not archaea dominate nitrification activity in semi-arid agricultural soil. Sci. Rep. 5, doi: 11110.11038\/srep11146 (2015).","DOI":"10.1038\/srep11146"},{"key":"BFsrep30733_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo613","volume":"2","author":"HJ Di","year":"2009","unstructured":"Di, H. J. et al. Nitrification driven by bacteria and not archaea in nitrogen-rich grassland soils. Nature. Geosci. 2, 621\u2013624 (2009).","journal-title":"Nature. 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