{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T07:37:44Z","timestamp":1776843464944,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,12]],"date-time":"2016-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1470960000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,12]],"date-time":"2016-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1470960000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Phendimetrazine (PDM) is a clinically available anorectic and a candidate pharmacotherapy for cocaine addiction. PDM has been hypothesized to function as a prodrug that requires metabolism to the amphetamine-like monoamine transporter substrate phenmetrazine (PM) to produce its pharmacological effects; however, whether PDM functions as an inactive prodrug or has pharmacological activity on its own remains unclear. The study aim was to determine PDM pharmacological mechanisms using electrophysiological, neurochemical, and behavioral procedures. PDM blocked the endogenous basal hDAT (human dopamine transporter) current in voltage-clamped (\u221260\u2009mV) oocytes consistent with a DAT inhibitor profile, whereas its metabolite PM induced an inward hDAT current consistent with a DAT substrate profile. PDM also attenuated the PM-induced inward current during co-application, providing further evidence that PDM functions as a DAT inhibitor. PDM increased nucleus accumbens dopamine levels and facilitated electrical brain stimulation reinforcement within 10\u2009min in rats, providing<jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>evidence supporting PDM pharmacological activity. These results demonstrate that PDM functions as a DAT inhibitor that may also interact with the pharmacological effects of its metabolite PM. Overall, these results suggest a novel mechanism for PDM therapeutic effects via initial PDM DAT inhibition followed by PM DAT substrate-induced dopamine release.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/srep31385","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,12]],"date-time":"2016-08-12T09:16:27Z","timestamp":1470993387000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Dissociable effects of the prodrug phendimetrazine and its metabolite phenmetrazine at dopamine transporters"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"6","author":[{"suffix":"Jr","given":"Ernesto","family":"Solis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julie A.","family":"Suyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew F.","family":"Lazenka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Louis J.","family":"DeFelice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S. Stevens","family":"Negus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bruce E.","family":"Blough","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew L.","family":"Banks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFsrep31385_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.1342","volume":"33","author":"C Hampp","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hampp, C., Kang, E. M. & Borders-Hemphill, V. Use of Prescription Antiobesity Drugs in the United States. Pharmacotherapy 33, 1299\u20131307, 10.1002\/phar.1342 (2013).","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"BFsrep31385_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2013.05.005","volume":"131","author":"ML Banks","year":"2013","unstructured":"Banks, M. L., Blough, B. E. & Negus, S. S. Effects of 14-day treatment with the schedule III anorectic phendimetrazine on choice between cocaine and food in rhesus monkeys. Drug Alcohol Depend 131, 204\u2013213, http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2013.05.005 (2013).","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"BFsrep31385_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2698","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2013.180","volume":"38","author":"ML Banks","year":"2013","unstructured":"Banks, M. L., Blough, B. E., Fennell, T. R., Snyder, R. W. & Negus, S. S. Effects of Phendimetrazine Treatment on Cocaine vs Food Choice and Extended-Access Cocaine Consumption in Rhesus Monkeys. Neuropsychopharmacology 38, 2698\u20132707, 10.1038\/npp.2013.180 (2013).","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"BFsrep31385_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.10.026","volume":"130","author":"ML Banks","year":"2013","unstructured":"Banks, M. L., Blough, B. E., Fennell, T. R., Snyder, R. W. & Negus, S. S. Role of phenmetrazine as an active metabolite of phendimetrazine: Evidence from studies of drug discrimination and pharmacokinetics in rhesus monkeys. Drug Alcohol Depend 130, 158\u2013166, http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.10.026 (2013).","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"BFsrep31385_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(02)01830-7","volume":"447","author":"RB Rothman","year":"2002","unstructured":"Rothman, R. B. et al. Interaction of the anorectic medication, phendimetrazine, and its metabolites with monoamine transporters in rat brain. Eur J Pharmacol 447, 51\u201357, http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/S0014-2999(02)01830-7 (2002).","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"BFsrep31385_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.110.003459","volume":"63","author":"KM Huttunen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Huttunen, K. M., Raunio, H. & Rautio, J. Prodrugs\u2014from Serendipity to Rational Design. Pharmacological Reviews 63, 750\u2013771, 10.1124\/pr.110.003459 (2011).","journal-title":"Pharmacological Reviews"},{"key":"BFsrep31385_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2009.05.008","volume":"93","author":"CW Schindler","year":"2009","unstructured":"Schindler, C. W., Panlilio, L. V. & Thorndike, E. B. Effect of rate of delivery of intravenous cocaine on self-administration in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 93, 375\u2013381, http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pbb.2009.05.008 (2009).","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav"},{"key":"BFsrep31385_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.1973.20-119","volume":"20","author":"RL Balster","year":"1973","unstructured":"Balster, R. L. & Schuster, C. R. Fixed-interval schedule of cocaine reinforcement: effect of dose and infusion duration. Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior 20, 119\u2013129, 10.1901\/jeab.1973.20-119 (1973).","journal-title":"Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior"},{"key":"BFsrep31385_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881109103113","volume":"23","author":"D Jasinski","year":"2009","unstructured":"Jasinski, D. & Krishnan, S. Abuse liability and safety of oral lisdexamfetamine dimesylate in individuals with a history of stimulant abuse. J Psychopharmacol 23, 419\u2013427, 10.1177\/0269881109103113 (2009).","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"BFsrep31385_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2012.07.008","volume":"63","author":"HL Rowley","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rowley, H. L. et al. Lisdexamfetamine and immediate release d-amfetamine \u2013 Differences in pharmacokinetic\/pharmacodynamic relationships revealed by striatal microdialysis in freely-moving rats with simultaneous determination of plasma drug concentrations and locomotor activity. Neuropharmacology 63, 1064\u20131074, http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2012.07.008 (2012).","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"BFsrep31385_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Banks, M. L., Hutsell, B. A., Blough, B. E., Poklis, J. L. & Negus, S. S. Preclinical Assessment of Lisdexamfetamine as an Agonist Medication Candidate for Cocaine Addiction: Effects in Rhesus Monkeys Trained to Discriminate Cocaine or to Self-Administer Cocaine in a Cocaine Versus Food Choice Procedure. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol, 10.1093\/ijnp\/pyv009 (2015).","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyv009"},{"key":"BFsrep31385_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1750","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.12061","volume":"168","author":"KN Cameron","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cameron, K. N., Kolanos, R., Solis, E., Glennon, R. A. & De Felice, L. J. Bath salts components mephedrone and methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) act synergistically at the human dopamine transporter. Br J Pharmacol 168, 1750\u20131757, 10.1111\/bph.12061 (2013).","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"BFsrep31385_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.5b00006","volume":"6","author":"R Kolanos","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kolanos, R. et al. Stereoselective Actions of Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) To Inhibit Dopamine and Norepinephrine Transporters and Facilitate Intracranial Self-Stimulation in Rats. ACS Chem Neurosci 6, 771\u2013777, 10.1021\/acschemneuro.5b00006 (2015).","journal-title":"ACS Chem Neurosci"},{"key":"BFsrep31385_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.12951","volume":"172","author":"RA Gregg","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gregg, R. A. et al. Stereochemistry of mephedrone neuropharmacology: enantiomer-specific behavioural and neurochemical effects in rats. Br J Pharmacol 172, 883\u2013894, 10.1111\/bph.12951 (2015).","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"BFsrep31385_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2015.12.010","volume":"26","author":"BA Hutsell","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hutsell, B. A. et al. Abuse-related neurochemical and behavioral effects of cathinone and 4-methylcathinone stereoisomers in rats. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 26, 288\u2013297, http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2015.12.010 (2016).","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"BFsrep31385_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5274","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.85.14.5274","volume":"85","author":"G Di Chiara","year":"1988","unstructured":"Di Chiara, G. & Imperato, A. Drugs abused by humans preferentially increase synaptic dopamine concentrations in the mesolimbic system of freely moving rats. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85, 5274\u20135278 (1988).","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"BFsrep31385_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.112.007419","volume":"66","author":"SS Negus","year":"2014","unstructured":"Negus, S. S. & Miller, L. L. Intracranial Self-Stimulation to Evaluate Abuse Potential of Drugs. Pharmacol Rev 66, 869\u2013917, 10.1124\/pr.112.007419 (2014).","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"key":"BFsrep31385_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1524","DOI":"10.1021\/cn4001236","volume":"4","author":"R Kolanos","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kolanos, R., Solis, E., Sakloth, F., De Felice, L. J. & Glennon, R. A. \u201cDeconstruction\u201d of the Abused Synthetic Cathinone Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) and an Examination of Effects at the Human Dopamine Transporter. ACS Chem Neurosci 4, 1524\u20131529, 10.1021\/cn4001236 (2013).","journal-title":"ACS Chem Neurosci"},{"key":"BFsrep31385_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8852","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.267757","volume":"287","author":"E Solis","year":"2012","unstructured":"Solis, E. et al. 4-(4-(Dimethylamino)phenyl)-1-methylpyridinium (APP+) is a Fluorescent Substrate for the Human Serotonin Transporter. J Biol Chem 287, 8852\u20138863, 10.1074\/jbc.M111.267757 (2012).","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"BFsrep31385_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1021\/jm050797a","volume":"49","author":"PC Meltzer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Meltzer, P. C., Butler, D., Deschamps, J. R. & Madras, B. K. 1-(4-Methylphenyl)-2-pyrrolidin-1-yl-pentan-1-one (Pyrovalerone) Analogues: A Promising Class of Monoamine Uptake Inhibitors. J Med Chem 49, 1420\u20131432, 10.1021\/jm050797a (2006).","journal-title":"J Med Chem"},{"key":"BFsrep31385_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)20684-X","volume":"251","author":"BK Madras","year":"1989","unstructured":"Madras, B. K., Fahey, M. A., Bergman, J., Canfield, D. R. & Spealman, R. D. Effects of cocaine and related drugs in nonhuman primates. I. [3H]cocaine binding sites in caudate-putamen. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 251, 131\u2013141 (1989).","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"BFsrep31385_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1985.tb05524.x","volume":"45","author":"MM Schweri","year":"1985","unstructured":"Schweri, M. M. et al. [3H]Threo-(\u00b1)-Methylphenidate Binding to 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylethylamine Uptake Sites in Corpus Striatum: Correlation with the Stimulant Properties of Ritalinic Acid Esters. J Neurochem 45, 1062\u20131070, 10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1985.tb05524.x (1985).","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"BFsrep31385_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1538","DOI":"10.1021\/jm0205292","volume":"46","author":"PC Meltzer","year":"2003","unstructured":"Meltzer, P. C., Wang, P., Blundell, P. & Madras, B. K. Synthesis and Evaluation of Dopamine and Serotonin Transporter Inhibition by Oxacyclic and Carbacyclic Analogues of Methylphenidate. J Med Chem 46, 1538\u20131545, 10.1021\/jm0205292 (2003).","journal-title":"J Med Chem"},{"key":"BFsrep31385_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2749","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2011.01728.x","volume":"165","author":"AA Rodriguez-Menchaca","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rodriguez-Menchaca, A. A., Solis, E., Jr., Cameron, K. & De Felice, L. J. S(+)amphetamine induces a persistent leak in the human dopamine transporter: molecular stent hypothesis. Br J Pharmacol 165, 2749\u20132757, 10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2011.01728.x (2012).","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"BFsrep31385_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1021\/cn500282f","volume":"6","author":"Q-Y Tang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tang, Q.-Y., Kolanos, R., De Felice, L. J. & Glennon, R. A. Structural Analysis of Dopamine- and Amphetamine-Induced Depolarization Currents in the Human Dopamine Transporter. ACS Chem Neurosci 6, 551\u2013558, 10.1021\/cn500282f (2015).","journal-title":"ACS Chem Neurosci"},{"key":"BFsrep31385_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.115.229559","volume":"356","author":"JA Suyama","year":"2016","unstructured":"Suyama, J. A. et al. Abuse-Related Neurochemical Effects of Para-Substituted Methcathinone Analogs in Rats: Microdialysis Studies of Nucleus Accumbens Dopamine and Serotonin. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 356, 182\u2013190, 10.1124\/jpet.115.229559 (2016).","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"BFsrep31385_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2011.304","volume":"37","author":"MH Baumann","year":"2012","unstructured":"Baumann, M. H. et al. The Designer Methcathinone Analogs, Mephedrone and Methylone, are Substrates for Monoamine Transporters in Brain Tissue. Neuropsychopharmacology 37, 1192\u20131203 (2012).","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"BFsrep31385_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6605","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.0576-11.2011","volume":"31","author":"MB Larsen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Larsen, M. B. et al. Dopamine Transport by the Serotonin Transporter: A Mechanistically Distinct Mode of Substrate Translocation. J Neurosci 31, 6605\u20136615, 10.1523\/jneurosci.0576-11.2011 (2011).","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"BFsrep31385_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.110.165746","volume":"333","author":"RI Desai","year":"2010","unstructured":"Desai, R. I., Paronis, C. A., Martin, J., Desai, R. & Bergman, J. Monoaminergic Psychomotor Stimulants: Discriminative Stimulus Effects and Dopamine Efflux. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 333, 834\u2013843, 10.1124\/jpet.110.165746 (2010).","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"BFsrep31385_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-004-1798-6","volume":"175","author":"PW Czoty","year":"2004","unstructured":"Czoty, P. W., Makriyannis, A. & Bergman, J. Methamphetamine discrimination and in vivo microdialysis in squirrel monkeys. Psychopharmacology 175, 170\u2013178, 10.1007\/s00213-004-1798-6 (2004).","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"BFsrep31385_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.0000000000000018","volume":"156","author":"LL Miller","year":"2015","unstructured":"Miller, L. L., Leitl, M. D., Banks, M. L., Blough, B. E. & Negus, S. S. Effects of the triple monoamine uptake inhibitor amitifadine on pain-related depression of behavior and mesolimbic dopamine release in rats. Pain 156, 175\u2013184, 10.1016\/j.pain.0000000000000018 (2015).","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"BFsrep31385_CR32","unstructured":"Banks, M. L., Bauer, C. T., Negus, S. S. & Blough, B. E. Cocaine-like discriminative stimulus effects of phendimetrazine and phenmetrazine in rats. Behavioural pharmacology, 10.1097\/FBP.0000000000000225 (2016)."},{"key":"BFsrep31385_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2012.02214.x","volume":"168","author":"CT Bauer","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bauer, C. T., Banks, M. L., Blough, B. E. & Negus, S. S. Use of intracranial self-stimulation to evaluate abuse-related and abuse-limiting effects of monoamine releasers in rats. Br J Pharmacol 168, 850\u2013862, 10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2012.02214.x (2013).","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"BFsrep31385_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(25)00192-2","volume":"241","author":"SM Evans","year":"1987","unstructured":"Evans, S. M. & Johanson, C. E. Amphetamine-like effects of anorectics and related compounds in pigeons. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 241, 817\u2013825 (1987).","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"BFsrep31385_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)39316-X","volume":"243","author":"R de la Garza","year":"1987","unstructured":"de la Garza, R. & Johanson, C. E. Discriminative stimulus properties of intragastrically administered d-amphetamine and pentobarbital in rhesus monkeys. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 243, 955\u2013962 (1987).","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"BFsrep31385_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2014.12.005","volume":"147","author":"MEA Reith","year":"2015","unstructured":"Reith, M. E. A. et al. Behavioral, biological, and chemical perspectives on atypical agents targeting the dopamine transporter. Drug Alcohol Depend 147, 1\u201319, http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2014.12.005 (2015).","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"BFsrep31385_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1007\/s40501-015-0042-9","volume":"2","author":"ML Banks","year":"2015","unstructured":"Banks, M. L., Hutsell, B. A., Schwienteck, K. L. & Negus, S. S. Use of Preclinical Drug vs. Food Choice Procedures to Evaluate Candidate Medications for Cocaine Addiction. Curr Treat Options Psychiatry 2, 136\u2013150, 10.1007\/s40501-015-0042-9 (2015).","journal-title":"Curr Treat Options Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFsrep31385_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9851","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.1862-06.2006","volume":"26","author":"H Iwamoto","year":"2006","unstructured":"Iwamoto, H., Blakely, R. D. & De Felice, L. J. Na+, Cl\u2212, and pH Dependence of the Human Choline Transporter (hCHT) in Xenopus Oocytes: The Proton Inactivation Hypothesis of hCHT in Synaptic Vesicles. J Neurosci 26, 9851\u20139859, 10.1523\/jneurosci.1862-06.2006 (2006).","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"BFsrep31385_CR39","unstructured":"Council, N. R. Guide for the care and use of laboratory animals. 8th edn. (National Academies Press, 2011)."},{"key":"BFsrep31385_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000412","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1000412","volume":"8","author":"C Kilkenny","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kilkenny, C., Browne, W. J., Cuthill, I. C., Emerson, M. & Altman, D. G. Improving Bioscience Research Reporting: The ARRIVE Guidelines for Reporting Animal Research. Plos Biol 8, e1000412, 10.1371\/journal.pbio.1000412 (2010).","journal-title":"Plos Biol"},{"key":"BFsrep31385_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2004.04.042","volume":"140","author":"L Bert","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bert, L. et al. Rapid and precise method to locate microdialysis probe implantation in the rodent brain. J Neurosci Methods 140, 53\u201357, http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2004.04.042 (2004).","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"key":"BFsrep31385_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-013-3223-5","volume":"231","author":"JS Bonano","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bonano, J. S., Glennon, R. A., Felice, L. J., Banks, M. L. & Negus, S. S. Abuse-related and abuse-limiting effects of methcathinone and the synthetic \u201cbath salts\u201d cathinone analogs methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV), methylone and mephedrone on intracranial self-stimulation in rats. Psychopharmacology 231, 199\u2013207, 10.1007\/s00213-013-3223-5 (2014).","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep31385.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep31385","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep31385.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]],"date-time":"2025-06-04T17:35:40Z","timestamp":1749058540000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep31385"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,12]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,30]]}},"alternative-id":["BFsrep31385"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep31385","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 March 2016","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 July 2016","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 August 2016","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing financial interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"31385"}}