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We conducted a meta-analysis of randomized sham-controlled trials to establish the efficacy of electrical stimulation for bone healing. We identified all trials randomizing patients to electrical or sham stimulation for bone healing. Outcomes were pain relief, functional improvement, and radiographic nonunion. Two reviewers assessed eligibility and risk of bias, performed data extraction, and rated the quality of the evidence. Fifteen trials met our inclusion criteria. Moderate quality evidence from 4 trials found that stimulation produced a significant improvement in pain (mean difference (MD) on 100-millimeter visual analogue scale\u2009=\u2009\u22127.7\u2009mm; 95% CI \u221213.92 to \u22121.43; p\u2009=\u20090.02). Two trials found no difference in functional outcome (MD\u2009=\u2009\u22120.88; 95% CI \u22126.63 to 4.87; p\u2009=\u20090.76). Moderate quality evidence from 15 trials found that stimulation reduced radiographic nonunion rates by 35% (95% CI 19% to 47%; number needed to treat\u2009=\u20097; p\u2009&lt;\u20090.01). Patients treated with electrical stimulation as an adjunct for bone healing have less pain and are at reduced risk for radiographic nonunion; functional outcome data are limited and requires increased focus in future trials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/srep31724","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,19]],"date-time":"2016-08-19T11:24:39Z","timestamp":1471605879000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":103,"title":["Efficacy of Electrical Stimulators for Bone Healing: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Sham-Controlled Trials"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Ilyas S.","family":"Aleem","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Idris","family":"Aleem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathan","family":"Evaniew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason W.","family":"Busse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Yaszemski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arnav","family":"Agarwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Einhorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohit","family":"Bhandari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFsrep31724_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpm.2014.09.003","volume":"32","author":"JJ Cook","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cook, J. 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