{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T03:33:28Z","timestamp":1790739208933,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,30]],"date-time":"2016-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1472515200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,30]],"date-time":"2016-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1472515200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Tissue engineered conduits have great promise for bridging peripheral nerve defects by providing physical guiding and biological cues. A flexible method for integrating support cells into a conduit with desired architectures is wanted. Here, a 3D-printing technology is adopted to prepare a bio-conduit with designer structures for peripheral nerve regeneration. This bio-conduit is consisted of a cryopolymerized gelatin methacryloyl (cryoGelMA) gel cellularized with adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs). By modeling using 3D-printed \u201clock and key\u201d moulds, the cryoGelMA gel is structured into conduits with different geometries, such as the designed multichannel or bifurcating and the personalized structures. The cryoGelMA conduit is degradable and could be completely degraded in 2-4 months <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>. The cryoGelMA scaffold supports the attachment, proliferation and survival of the seeded ASCs and up-regulates the expression of their neurotrophic factors mRNA <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>. After implanted in a rat model, the bio-conduit is capable of supporting the re-innervation across a 10\u2009mm sciatic nerve gap, with results close to that of the autografts in terms of functional and histological assessments. The study describes an indirect 3D-printing technology for fabricating cellularized designer conduits for peripheral nerve regeneration and could lead to the development of future nerve bio-conduits for clinical use.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/srep32184","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,30]],"date-time":"2016-08-30T09:30:15Z","timestamp":1472549415000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":125,"title":["3D-engineering of Cellularized Conduits for Peripheral Nerve Regeneration"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Yu","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yao","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiyuan","family":"Gou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiumeng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qianqi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianyi","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siqing","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiankang","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaochen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanan","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maling","family":"Gou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFsrep32184_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2014.11.010","volume":"82\u201383","author":"A Faroni","year":"2015","unstructured":"Faroni, A., Mobasseri, S. A., Kingham, P. J. & Reid, A. J. Peripheral nerve regeneration: experimental strategies and future perspectives. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 82\u201383, 160\u2013167 (2015).","journal-title":"Adv Drug Deliv Rev"},{"key":"BFsrep32184_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-3026.137025","volume":"24","author":"A Chhabra","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chhabra, A., Ahlawat, S., Belzberg, A. & Andreseik, G. Peripheral nerve injury grading simplified on MR neurography: As referenced to Seddon and Sunderland classifications. Indian J Radiol Imaging 24, 217\u2013224 (2014).","journal-title":"Indian J Radiol Imaging"},{"key":"BFsrep32184_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9472","DOI":"10.1021\/am5018557","volume":"6","author":"J Xie","year":"2014","unstructured":"Xie, J. et al. Nerve guidance conduits based on double-layered scaffolds of electrospun nanofibers for repairing the peripheral nervous system. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 6, 9472\u20139480 (2014).","journal-title":"ACS Appl Mater Interfaces"},{"key":"BFsrep32184_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2014.04.064","volume":"35","author":"X Gu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gu, X., Ding, F. & Williams, D. F. Neural tissue engineering options for peripheral nerve regeneration. Biomaterials 35, 6143\u20136156 (2014).","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"BFsrep32184_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.teb.2011.0498","volume":"18","author":"JH Bell","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bell, J. H. & Haycock, J. W. Next generation nerve guides: materials, fabrication, growth factors and cell delivery. Tissue Eng Part B Rev 18, 116\u2013128 (2012).","journal-title":"Tissue Eng Part B Rev"},{"key":"BFsrep32184_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2010.12.030","volume":"43","author":"S Kehoe","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kehoe, S., Zhang, X. F. & Boyd, D. FDA approved guidance conduits and wraps for peripheral nerve injury: a review of materials and efficacy. Injury 43, 553\u2013572 (2012).","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"BFsrep32184_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2013.11.044","volume":"35","author":"ST Koshy","year":"2014","unstructured":"Koshy, S. T., Ferrante, T. C., Lewin, S. A. & Mooney, D. J. Injectable, porous and cell-responsive gelatin cryogels. Biomaterials 35, 2477\u20132487 (2014).","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"BFsrep32184_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1002\/mabi.200600257","volume":"7","author":"JY Chang","year":"2007","unstructured":"Chang, J. Y. et al. In vivo evaluation of a biodegradable EDC\/NHS-cross-linked gelatin peripheral nerve guide conduit material. Macromol Biosci 7, 500\u2013507 (2007).","journal-title":"Macromol Biosci"},{"key":"BFsrep32184_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3911","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2004.09.060","volume":"26","author":"YS Chen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Chen, Y. S. et al. An in vivo evaluation of a biodegradable genipin-cross-linked gelatin peripheral nerve guide conduit material. Biomaterials 26, 3911\u20133918 (2005).","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"BFsrep32184_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yue, K. et al. Synthesis, properties and biomedical applications of gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogels. Biomaterials (2015).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2015.08.045"},{"key":"BFsrep32184_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1007\/s13238-015-0179-8","volume":"6","author":"C Qi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Qi, C., Yan, X., Huang, C., Melerzanov, A. & Du, Y. Biomaterials as carrier, barrier and reactor for cell-based regenerative medicine. Protein Cell 6, 638\u2013653 (2015).","journal-title":"Protein Cell"},{"key":"BFsrep32184_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.3727\/000000004783983639","volume":"13","author":"E Gamez","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gamez, E. et al. Photofabricated gelatin-based nerve conduits: nerve tissue regeneration potentials. Cell Transplant 13, 549\u2013564 (2004).","journal-title":"Cell Transplant"},{"key":"BFsrep32184_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2010.03.064","volume":"31","author":"JW Nichol","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nichol, J. W. et al. Cell-laden microengineered gelatin methacrylate hydrogels. Biomaterials 31, 5536\u20135544 (2010).","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"BFsrep32184_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1007\/s10544-011-9568-9","volume":"13","author":"S Suri","year":"2011","unstructured":"Suri, S. et al. Solid freeform fabrication of designer scaffolds of hyaluronic acid for nerve tissue engineering. Biomed Microdevices 13, 983\u2013993 (2011).","journal-title":"Biomed Microdevices"},{"key":"BFsrep32184_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13511","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1411295111","volume":"111","author":"Y Li","year":"2014","unstructured":"Li, Y. et al. Primed 3D injectable microniches enabling low-dosage cell therapy for critical limb ischemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 111, 13511\u201313516 (2014).","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"BFsrep32184_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1042\/BST20140004","volume":"42","author":"MK Kolar","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kolar, M. K. & Kingham, P. J. Regenerative effects of adipose-tissue-derived stem cells for treatment of peripheral nerve injuries. Biochem Soc Trans 42, 697\u2013701 (2014).","journal-title":"Biochem Soc Trans"},{"key":"BFsrep32184_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-5629(98)00187-2","volume":"25","author":"O Heinemeyer","year":"1999","unstructured":"Heinemeyer, O. & Reimers, C. D. Ultrasound of radial, ulnar, median and sciatic nerves in healthy subjects and patients with hereditary motor and sensory neuropathies. Ultrasound Med Biol 25, 481\u2013485 (1999).","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med Biol"},{"key":"BFsrep32184_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnson, B. N. et al. 3D Printed Anatomical Nerve Regeneration Pathways. Advanced Functional Materials (2015).","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201501760"},{"key":"BFsrep32184_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2015.01.055","volume":"49","author":"CJ Pateman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pateman, C. J. et al. Nerve guides manufactured from photocurable polymers to aid peripheral nerve repair. Biomaterials 49, 77\u201389 (2015).","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"BFsrep32184_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9710","DOI":"10.1021\/nn504894j","volume":"8","author":"D Lin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lin, D. et al. Three-dimensional printing of complex structures: man made or toward nature? ACS Nano 8, 9710\u20139715 (2014).","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"BFsrep32184_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.2958","volume":"32","author":"SV Murphy","year":"2014","unstructured":"Murphy, S. V. & Atala, A. 3D bioprinting of tissues and organs. Nat Biotechnol 32, 773\u2013785 (2014).","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"BFsrep32184_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morrison, R. J. et al. Mitigation of tracheobronchomalacia with 3D-printed personalized medical devices in pediatric patients. Sci Transl Med 7, 285ra264 (2015).","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3010825"},{"key":"BFsrep32184_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2014.10.012","volume":"37","author":"F Pati","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pati, F. et al. Ornamenting 3D printed scaffolds with cell-laid extracellular matrix for bone tissue regeneration. Biomaterials 37, 230\u2013241 (2015).","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"BFsrep32184_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2013.10.071","volume":"35","author":"S Zhu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhu, S. et al. A synthetic oxygen carrier-olfactory ensheathing cell composition system for the promotion of sciatic nerve regeneration. Biomaterials 35, 1450\u20131461 (2014).","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"BFsrep32184_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2012.09.020","volume":"34","author":"N Hu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hu, N. et al. Long-term outcome of the repair of 50 mm long median nerve defects in rhesus monkeys with marrow mesenchymal stem cells-containing, chitosan-based tissue engineered nerve grafts. Biomaterials 34, 100\u2013111 (2013).","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"BFsrep32184_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.23284","volume":"91","author":"AD Widgerow","year":"2013","unstructured":"Widgerow, A. D., Salibian, A. A., Lalezari, S. & Evans, G. R. Neuromodulatory nerve regeneration: adipose tissue-derived stem cells and neurotrophic mediation in peripheral nerve regeneration. J Neurosci Res 91, 1517\u20131524 (2013).","journal-title":"J Neurosci Res"},{"key":"BFsrep32184_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s00005-014-0323-9","volume":"63","author":"S Khalifian","year":"2015","unstructured":"Khalifian, S. et al. Stem cell-based approaches to improve nerve regeneration: potential implications for reconstructive transplantation? Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 63, 15\u201330 (2015).","journal-title":"Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz)"},{"key":"BFsrep32184_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8034","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2012.07.056","volume":"33","author":"D Angius","year":"2012","unstructured":"Angius, D. et al. A systematic review of animal models used to study nerve regeneration in tissue-engineered scaffolds. Biomaterials 33, 8034\u20138039 (2012).","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"BFsrep32184_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7189","DOI":"10.1021\/am509227t","volume":"7","author":"C Huang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Huang, C. et al. Nerve guidance conduits from aligned nanofibers: improvement of nerve regeneration through longitudinal nanogrooves on a fiber surface. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 7, 7189\u20137196 (2015).","journal-title":"ACS Appl Mater Interfaces"},{"key":"BFsrep32184_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2014.02.013","volume":"35","author":"Y Niu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Niu, Y. et al. Scaffolds from block polyurethanes based on poly(varepsilon-caprolactone) (PCL) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) for peripheral nerve regeneration. Biomaterials 35, 4266\u20134277 (2014).","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"BFsrep32184_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2013.10.002","volume":"35","author":"H Xu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Xu, H. et al. Conductive PPY\/PDLLA conduit for peripheral nerve regeneration. Biomaterials 35, 225\u2013235 (2014).","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"BFsrep32184_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2013.11.081","volume":"35","author":"YY Hsueh","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hsueh, Y. Y. et al. Functional recoveries of sciatic nerve regeneration by combining chitosan-coated conduit and neurosphere cells induced from adipose-derived stem cells. Biomaterials 35, 2234\u20132244 (2014).","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"BFsrep32184_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6973","DOI":"10.1038\/srep06973","volume":"4","author":"Y He","year":"2014","unstructured":"He, Y., Xue, G. H. & Fu, J. Z. Fabrication of low cost soft tissue prostheses with the desktop 3D printer. Sci Rep 4, 6973 (2014).","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"BFsrep32184_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"025003","DOI":"10.1088\/1758-5082\/6\/2\/025003","volume":"6","author":"JH Park","year":"2014","unstructured":"Park, J. H., Jung, J. W., Kang, H. W. & Cho, D. W. Indirect three-dimensional printing of synthetic polymer scaffold based on thermal molding process. Biofabrication 6, 025003 (2014).","journal-title":"Biofabrication"},{"key":"BFsrep32184_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2004.10.040","volume":"26","author":"M Lee","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lee, M., Dunn, J. C. & Wu, B. M. Scaffold fabrication by indirect three-dimensional printing. Biomaterials 26, 4281\u20134289 (2005).","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"BFsrep32184_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2010.03.081","volume":"31","author":"L Yao","year":"2010","unstructured":"Yao, L. et al. Controlling dispersion of axonal regeneration using a multichannel collagen nerve conduit. Biomaterials 31, 5789\u20135797 (2010).","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"BFsrep32184_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2003.08.046","volume":"25","author":"MD Bender","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bender, M. D., Bennett, J. M., Waddell, R. L., Doctor, J. S. & Marra, K. G. Multi-channeled biodegradable polymer\/CultiSpher composite nerve guides. Biomaterials 25, 1269\u20131278 (2004).","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"BFsrep32184_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tec.2010.0152","volume":"16","author":"L Yao","year":"2010","unstructured":"Yao, L., Billiar, K. L., Windebank, A. J. & Pandit, A. Multichanneled collagen conduits for peripheral nerve regeneration: design, fabrication and characterization. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 16, 1585\u20131596 (2010).","journal-title":"Tissue Eng Part C Methods"},{"key":"BFsrep32184_CR39","first-page":"71","volume":"24","author":"B Cheng","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cheng, B., Lu, S. & Fu, X. Regenerative medicine in China: demands, capacity and regulation. Burns & Trauma 24, 71\u201377 (2016)","journal-title":"Burns & Trauma"},{"key":"BFsrep32184_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2009.03.009","volume":"5","author":"LE Kokai","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kokai, L. E., Lin, Y. C., Oyster, N. M. & Marra, K. G. Diffusion of soluble factors through degradable polymer nerve guides: Controlling manufacturing parameters. Acta Biomater 5, 2540\u20132550 (2009).","journal-title":"Acta Biomater"},{"key":"BFsrep32184_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A2002","volume":"31","author":"A Chhabra","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chhabra, A., Williams, E. H., Wang, K. C., Dellon, A. L. & Carrino, J. A. MR neurography of neuromas related to nerve injury and entrapment with surgical correlation. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 31, 1363\u20131368 (2010).","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"BFsrep32184_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e89154","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0089154","volume":"9","author":"M Wolf","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wolf, M. et al. Sciatic nerve injury related to hip replacement surgery: imaging detection by MR neurography despite susceptibility artifacts. PLoS One 9, e89154 (2014).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"BFsrep32184_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2007.08.006","volume":"130","author":"KM Yamada","year":"2007","unstructured":"Yamada, K. M. & Cukierman, E. Modeling tissue morphogenesis and cancer in 3D. Cell 130, 601\u2013610 (2007).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"BFsrep32184_CR44","first-page":"565","volume":"28","author":"G Liu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Liu, G. et al. Transplantation of adipose-derived stem cells for peripheral nerve repair. Int J Mol Med. 28, 565\u2013572 (2011).","journal-title":"Int J Mol Med."},{"key":"BFsrep32184_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.3727\/096368909788341289","volume":"18","author":"LY Santiago","year":"2009","unstructured":"Santiago, L. Y., Clavijo-Alvarez, J., Brayfield, C., Rubin, J. P. & Marra, K. G. Delivery of adipose-derived precursor cells for peripheral nerve repair. Cell Transplant 18, 145\u2013158 (2009).","journal-title":"Cell Transplant"},{"key":"BFsrep32184_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.33227","volume":"100","author":"CC Shen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Shen, C. C., Yang, Y. C. & Liu, B. S. Peripheral nerve repair of transplanted undifferentiated adipose tissue-derived stem cells in a biodegradable reinforced nerve conduit. J Biomed Mater Res A 100, 48\u201363 (2012).","journal-title":"J Biomed Mater Res A"},{"key":"BFsrep32184_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2007.06.029","volume":"207","author":"PJ Kingham","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kingham, P. J. et al. Adipose-derived stem cells differentiate into a Schwann cell phenotype and promote neurite outgrowth in vitro. Exp Neurol 207, 267\u2013274 (2007).","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"BFsrep32184_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2009.09.012","volume":"63","author":"PG di Summa","year":"2010","unstructured":"di Summa, P. G. et al. Adipose-derived stem cells enhance peripheral nerve regeneration. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 63, 1544\u20131552 (2010).","journal-title":"J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg"},{"key":"BFsrep32184_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"045003","DOI":"10.1088\/1758-5082\/5\/4\/045003","volume":"5","author":"JY Lee","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lee, J. Y., Choi, B., Wu, B. & Lee, M. Customized biomimetic scaffolds created by indirect three-dimensional printing for tissue engineering. Biofabrication 5, 045003 (2013).","journal-title":"Biofabrication"},{"key":"BFsrep32184_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2013.12.021","volume":"35","author":"TC Tseng","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tseng, T. C. & Hsu, S. H. Substrate-mediated nanoparticle\/gene delivery to MSC spheroids and their applications in peripheral nerve regeneration. Biomaterials 35, 2630\u20132641 (2014).","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"BFsrep32184_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-198901000-00024","volume":"83","author":"JR Bain","year":"1989","unstructured":"Bain, J. R., Mackinnon, S. E. & Hunter, D. A. Functional evaluation of complete sciatic, peroneal and posterior tibial nerve lesions in the rat. Plast Reconstr Surg 83, 129\u2013138 (1989).","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep32184","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep32184.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep32184.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,4]],"date-time":"2023-01-04T20:55:14Z","timestamp":1672865714000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep32184"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,30]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,17]]}},"alternative-id":["BFsrep32184"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep32184","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 April 2016","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 August 2016","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 August 2016","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing financial interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"32184"}}