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In human and animal trials for neuromuscular disorders, inconsistent electrode positioning adds errors to the muscle impedance. Despite its importance, how the reproducibility of resistance and reactance, the two parameters that define EIM, are affected by changes in electrode positioning remains unknown. In this paper, we present a novel approach founded on biophysical principles to study the reproducibility of resistance and reactance to electrode misplacements. The analytical framework presented allows the user to quantify a priori the effect on the muscle resistance and reactance using only one parameter: the uncertainty placing the electrodes. We also provide quantitative data on the precision needed to position the electrodes and the minimum muscle length needed to achieve a pre-specified EIM reproducibility. The results reported here are confirmed with finite element model simulations and measurements on five healthy subjects. Ultimately, our data can serve as normative values to enhance the reliability of EIM as a biomarker and facilitate comparability of future human and animal studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/srep32615","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,2]],"date-time":"2016-09-02T08:57:12Z","timestamp":1472806632000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Guidelines to electrode positioning for human and animal electrical impedance myography research"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Sanchez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Pacheck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seward B.","family":"Rutkove","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFsrep32615_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.21180","volume":"39","author":"JR Daube","year":"2009","unstructured":"Daube, J. 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Neither the patent entitled Electrical impedance myography or the patent entitled Device for performing electrical impedance myography are directly relevant to this publication, as both relate to the development of an automated device for human use. However, since both are in the field of electrical impedance, the authors have disclosed them. Dr. Sanchez receives consulting income from Maxim Integrated, Inc. Dr. Rutkove has equity interest and receives consulting income from Skulpt Inc. The authors have no other competing interests (political, personal, religious, ideological, academic, intellectual, commercial or any other) to declare in relation to this paper.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"32615"}}