{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T07:39:51Z","timestamp":1761896391121},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,7]],"date-time":"2016-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1473206400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,7]],"date-time":"2016-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1473206400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>We prospectively compared visual and refractive outcomes in patients with high myopia and myopic astigmatism after small-incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) and photorefractive keratetctomy (PRK) with mitomycin C. Sixty-six eyes of 33 patients (mean age, 29.7\u2009\u00b1\u20095.6\u2009years) were included (SMILE: 34 eyes, PRK 32 eyes). Preoperatively, no significant difference was noted in manifest spherical equivalent (p\u2009=\u20090.326), manifest sphere (p\u2009=\u20090.277), and manifest cylinder (p\u2009=\u20090.625) between both groups. At 1\u2009month, there were significant differences in logMAR uncorrected distance visual acuity, efficacy index and manifest refraction spherical equivalent between SMILE and PRK (p\u2009\u2264\u20090.029). At 6\u2009months, the logMAR corrected distance visual acuity (p\u2009=\u20090.594), logMAR uncorrected visual acuity (p\u2009=\u20090.452), efficacy index (p\u2009=\u20090.215) and safety index was (p\u2009=\u20090.537) was comparable between SMILE and PRK. Significant differences were observed in postoperative manifest spherical equivalent (p\u2009=\u20090.044) and manifest cylinder (p\u2009=\u20090.014) between both groups. At the end of 6\u2009months, 100% of the eyes in SMILE group and 69% of the eyes in PRK group were within \u00b10.50\u2009D of the attempted cylindrical correction. The postoperative difference vector, magnitude of error and absolute angle of error were significantly smaller after SMILE compared to PRK (p\u2009\u2264\u20090.040) implying a trend towards overcorrection of cylindrical correction following PRK.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/srep32820","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,7]],"date-time":"2016-09-07T10:19:12Z","timestamp":1473243552000},"update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Early outcomes after small incision lenticule extraction and photorefractive keratectomy for correction of high myopia"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Tommy C. Y.","family":"Chan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marco C. Y.","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"George P. M.","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vishal","family":"Jhanji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFsrep32820_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.10.011","volume":"122","author":"TC Chan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chan, T. C., Liu, D., Yu, M. & Jhanji, V. Longitudinal evaluation of posterior corneal elevation after laser refractive surgery using swept-source optical coherence tomography. Ophthalmology 122, 687\u2013692, doi: 10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.10.011 (2015).","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"BFsrep32820_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.3928\/1081597X-20130617-03","volume":"29","author":"DZ Reinstein","year":"2013","unstructured":"Reinstein, D. Z., Archer, T. J. & Randleman, J. B. Mathematical model to compare the relative tensile strength of the cornea after PRK, LASIK, and small incision lenticule extraction. J Refract Surg 29, 454\u2013460, doi: 10.3928\/1081597X-20130617-03 (2013).","journal-title":"J Refract Surg"},{"key":"BFsrep32820_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2009.174284","volume":"95","author":"W Sekundo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sekundo, W., Kunert, K. S. & Blum, M. Small incision corneal refractive surgery using the small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) procedure for the correction of myopia and myopic astigmatism: results of a 6\u2009month prospective study. Br J Ophthalmol 95, 335\u2013339, doi: 10.1136\/bjo.2009.174284 (2011).","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BFsrep32820_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2013.11.006","volume":"121","author":"A Ivarsen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ivarsen, A., Asp, S. & Hjortdal, J. Safety and complications of more than 1500 small-incision lenticule extraction procedures. Ophthalmology 121, 822\u2013828, doi: 10.1016\/j.ophtha.2013.11.006 (2014).","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"BFsrep32820_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.3928\/1081597X-20141113-07","volume":"30","author":"DZ Reinstein","year":"2014","unstructured":"Reinstein, D. Z., Carp, G. I., Archer, T. J. & Gobbe, M. Outcomes of small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) in low myopia. J Refract Surg 30, 812\u2013818, doi: 10.3928\/1081597X-20141113-07 (2014).","journal-title":"J Refract Surg"},{"key":"BFsrep32820_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2013.07.053","volume":"40","author":"AH Vestergaard","year":"2014","unstructured":"Vestergaard, A. H., Grauslund, J., Ivarsen, A. R. & Hjortdal, J. O. Efficacy, safety, predictability, contrast sensitivity, and aberrations after femtosecond laser lenticule extraction. J Cataract Refract Surg 40, 403\u2013411, doi: 10.1016\/j.jcrs.2013.07.053 (2014).","journal-title":"J Cataract Refract Surg"},{"key":"BFsrep32820_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.3928\/1081597X-20140814-02","volume":"30","author":"S Ganesh","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ganesh, S. & Gupta, R. Comparison of visual and refractive outcomes following femtosecond laser- assisted lasik with smile in patients with myopia or myopic astigmatism. J Refract Surg 30, 590\u2013596 (2014).","journal-title":"J Refract Surg"},{"key":"BFsrep32820_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2015-307238","volume":"100","author":"TC Chan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chan, T. C. et al. Vector analysis of astigmatic correction after small-incision lenticule extraction and femtosecond-assisted LASIK for low to moderate myopic astigmatism. Br J Ophthalmol 100, 553\u2013559, doi: 10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2015-307238 (2016).","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BFsrep32820_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000000556","volume":"34","author":"R Dou","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dou, R. et al. Comparison of Corneal Biomechanical Characteristics After Surface Ablation Refractive Surgery and Novel Lamellar Refractive Surgery. Cornea 34, 1441\u20131446, doi: 10.1097\/ICO.0000000000000556 (2015).","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"BFsrep32820_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wei, S. et al. Ultrastructural Changes and Corneal Wound Healing After SMILE and PRK Procedures. Curr Eye Res, 1\u201310, doi: 10.3109\/02713683.2015.1114653 (2016).","DOI":"10.3109\/02713683.2015.1114653"},{"key":"BFsrep32820_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1016\/S0886-3350(96)80193-3","volume":"22","author":"GC Tabin","year":"1996","unstructured":"Tabin, G. C., Alpins, N., Aldred, G. F., McCarty, C. A. & Taylor, H. R. Astigmatic change 1\u2009year after excimer laser treatment of myopia and myopic astigmatism. Melbourne Excimer Laser Group. J Cataract Refract Surg 22, 924\u2013930 (1996).","journal-title":"J Cataract Refract Surg"},{"key":"BFsrep32820_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/S0886-3350(01)01157-9","volume":"28","author":"EP Shen","year":"2002","unstructured":"Shen, E. P., Yang, C. N. & Hu, F. R. Corneal astigmatic change after photorefractive keratectomy and photoastigmatic refractive keratectomy. J Cataract Refract Surg 28, 491\u2013498 (2002).","journal-title":"J Cataract Refract Surg"},{"key":"BFsrep32820_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(96)30621-0","volume":"103","author":"I Kremer","year":"1996","unstructured":"Kremer, I., Gabbay, U. & Blumenthal, M. One-year follow-up results of photorefractive keratectomy for low, moderate, and high primary astigmatism. Ophthalmology 103, 741\u2013748 (1996).","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"BFsrep32820_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(98)94014-3","volume":"105","author":"D Zadok","year":"1998","unstructured":"Zadok, D. et al. Excimer laser photoastigmatic refractive keratectomy: eighteen-month follow-up. Ophthalmology 105, 620\u2013623, doi: 10.1016\/S0161-6420(98)94014-3 (1998).","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"BFsrep32820_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.3928\/1081597X-20131029-03","volume":"29","author":"T Katz","year":"2013","unstructured":"Katz, T. et al. LASIK versus photorefractive keratectomy for high myopic (&gt;3 diopter) astigmatism. J Refract Surg 29, 824\u2013831, doi: 10.3928\/1081597X-20131029-03 (2013).","journal-title":"J Refract Surg"},{"key":"BFsrep32820_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.3928\/1081597X-20140320-02","volume":"30","author":"A Ivarsen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ivarsen, A. & Hjortdal, J. Correction of myopic astigmatism with small incision lenticule extraction. J Refract Surg 30, 240\u2013247, doi: 10.3928\/1081597X-20140320-02 (2014).","journal-title":"J Refract Surg"},{"key":"BFsrep32820_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2015.05.043","volume":"41","author":"Y Qian","year":"2015","unstructured":"Qian, Y., Huang, J., Zhou, X. & Wang, Y. Comparison of femtosecond laser small-incision lenticule extraction and laser-assisted subepithelial keratectomy to correct myopic astigmatism. J Cataract Refract Surg 41, 2476\u20132486, doi: 10.1016\/j.jcrs.2015.05.043 (2015).","journal-title":"J Cataract Refract Surg"},{"key":"BFsrep32820_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0123408","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0123408","volume":"10","author":"H Kobashi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kobashi, H. et al. Comparison of astigmatic correction after femtosecond lenticule extraction and small-incision lenticule extraction for myopic astigmatism. PLoS One 10, e0123408, doi: 10.1371\/journal.pone.0123408 (2015).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"BFsrep32820_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2415-15-8","volume":"15","author":"J Zhang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhang, J. et al. Vector analysis of low to moderate astigmatism with small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE): results of a 1-year follow-up. BMC Ophthalmol 15, 8, doi: 10.1186\/1471-2415-15-8 (2015).","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BFsrep32820_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-015-3226-5","volume":"254","author":"RS Hansen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hansen, R. S., Lyhne, N., Grauslund, J. & Vestergaard, A. H. Small-incision lenticule extraction (SMILE): outcomes of 722 eyes treated for myopia and myopic astigmatism. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 254, 399\u2013405, doi: 10.1007\/s00417-015-3226-5 (2016).","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BFsrep32820_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000000782","volume":"35","author":"J Zhang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhang, J., Wang, Y. & Chen, X. Comparison of Moderate- to High-Astigmatism Corrections Using WaveFront-Guided Laser In Situ Keratomileusis and Small-Incision Lenticule Extraction. Cornea 35, 523\u2013530, doi: 10.1097\/ICO.0000000000000782 (2016).","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"BFsrep32820_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1016\/S0886-3350(97)80021-1","volume":"23","author":"NA Alpins","year":"1997","unstructured":"Alpins, N. A. Vector analysis of astigmatism changes by flattening, steepening, and torque. J Cataract Refract Surg 23, 1503\u20131514 (1997).","journal-title":"J Cataract Refract Surg"},{"key":"BFsrep32820_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2012.09.024","volume":"39","author":"A Frings","year":"2013","unstructured":"Frings, A., Katz, T., Richard, G., Druchkiv, V. & Linke, S. J. Efficacy and predictability of laser in situ keratomileusis for low astigmatism of 0.75 diopter or less. J Cataract Refract Surg 39, 366\u2013377, doi: 10.1016\/j.jcrs.2012.09.024 (2013).","journal-title":"J Cataract Refract Surg"},{"key":"BFsrep32820_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.3928\/1081597X-20140903-04","volume":"30","author":"A Lazaridis","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lazaridis, A., Droutsas, K. & Sekundo, W. Topographic analysis of the centration of the treatment zone after SMILE for myopia and comparison to FS-LASIK: subjective versus objective alignment. J Refract Surg 30, 680\u2013686, doi: 10.3928\/1081597X-20140903-04 (2014).","journal-title":"J Refract Surg"},{"key":"BFsrep32820_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6213","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-7439","volume":"52","author":"AK Riau","year":"2011","unstructured":"Riau, A. K. et al. Early corneal wound healing and inflammatory responses after refractive lenticule extraction (ReLEx). Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 52, 6213\u20136221, doi: 10.1167\/iovs.11-7439 (2011).","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"BFsrep32820_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2061","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.08-2853","volume":"50","author":"A Ivarsen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ivarsen, A., Fledelius, W. & Hjortdal, J. O. Three-year changes in epithelial and stromal thickness after PRK or LASIK for high myopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 50, 2061\u20132066, doi: 10.1167\/iovs.08-2853 (2009).","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"BFsrep32820_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.3928\/1081-597X-20050901-10","volume":"21","author":"DZ Reinstein","year":"2005","unstructured":"Reinstein, D. Z., Ameline, B., Puech, M., Montefiore, G. & Laroche, L. VHF digital ultrasound three-dimensional scanning in the diagnosis of myopic regression after corneal refractive surgery. J Refract Surg 21, 480\u2013484 (2005).","journal-title":"J Refract Surg"},{"key":"BFsrep32820_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.01.019","volume":"122","author":"PA Majmudar","year":"2015","unstructured":"Majmudar, P. A. et al. Mitomycin-C in corneal surface excimer laser ablation techniques: a report by the American Academy of Ophthalmology. Ophthalmology 122, 1085\u20131095, doi: 10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.01.019 (2015).","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"BFsrep32820_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1912","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.02-0977","volume":"44","author":"TI Kim","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kim, T. I. et al. Apoptosis in keratocytes caused by mitomycin C. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 44, 1912\u20131917 (2003).","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"BFsrep32820_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.2010.01894.x","volume":"90","author":"I Kremer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kremer, I., Ehrenberg, M. & Levinger, S. Delayed epithelial healing following photorefractive keratectomy with mitomycin C treatment. Acta Ophthalmol 90, 271\u2013276, doi: 10.1111\/j.1755-3768.2010.01894.x (2012).","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BFsrep32820_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1980","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2014.02.048","volume":"40","author":"ME Sy","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sy, M. E., Zhang, L., Yeroushalmi, A., Huang, D. & Hamilton, D. R. Effect of mitomycin-C on the variance in refractive outcomes after photorefractive keratectomy. J Cataract Refract Surg 40, 1980\u20131984, doi: 10.1016\/j.jcrs.2014.02.048 (2014).","journal-title":"J Cataract Refract Surg"},{"key":"BFsrep32820_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1992.01080210104035","volume":"110","author":"KD Hanna","year":"1992","unstructured":"Hanna, K. D. et al. Corneal wound healing in monkeys after repeated excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy. Arch Ophthalmol 110, 1286\u20131291 (1992).","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BFsrep32820_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1177\/112067219100100403","volume":"1","author":"CP Lohmann","year":"1991","unstructured":"Lohmann, C. P. et al. Corneal haze after excimer laser refractive surgery: objective measurements and functional implications. Eur J Ophthalmol 1, 173\u2013180 (1991).","journal-title":"Eur J Ophthalmol"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep32820.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep32820","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep32820.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]],"date-time":"2023-01-05T01:15:20Z","timestamp":1672881320000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep32820"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,7]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,16]]}},"alternative-id":["BFsrep32820"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep32820","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 May 2016","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 August 2016","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 September 2016","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing financial interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"32820"}}