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Neuroimmune interactions involving galectin-3, released from microglia in the brain, mediates the post-stroke pro-inflammatory response. We investigated possible consequences of stroke on the enteric nervous system and the involvement of galectin-3. We show that permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO) induces loss of enteric neurons in ileum and colon in galectin-3\n                    <jats:sup>+\/+<\/jats:sup>\n                    , but not in galectin-3\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    , mice.\n                    <jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    we show that serum from galectin-3\n                    <jats:sup>+\/+<\/jats:sup>\n                    , but not from galectin-3\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    , mice subjected to pMCAO, caused loss of C57BL\/6J myenteric neurons, while myenteric neurons derived from TLR4\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    mice were unaffected. Further purified galectin-3 (10\n                    <jats:sup>\u22126<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009M) caused loss of cultured C57BL\/6J myenteric neurons. Inhibitors of transforming growth factor \u03b2-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) or AMP activated kinase (AMPK) counteracted both the purified galectin-3 and the galectin-3\n                    <jats:sup>+\/+<\/jats:sup>\n                    pMCAO serum-induced loss\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Combined we show that stroke (pMCAO) triggers central and peripheral galectin-3 release causing enteric neuronal loss through a TLR4 mediated mechanism involving TAK1 and AMPK. Galectin-3 is suggested a target for treatment of post-stroke complications.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/srep32893","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,9]],"date-time":"2016-09-09T09:07:25Z","timestamp":1473412045000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Galectin-3 causes enteric neuronal loss in mice after left sided permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion, a model of stroke"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Xiaowen","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Boza-Serrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle Foldschak","family":"Turesson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomas","family":"Deierborg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Ekblad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrikke","family":"Voss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFsrep32893_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1827","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMe1003399","volume":"362","author":"SC Cramer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cramer, S. 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