{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T21:59:49Z","timestamp":1776376789757,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,13]],"date-time":"2016-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1473724800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,13]],"date-time":"2016-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1473724800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Very few land use regression (LUR) models have been developed for megacities in low- and middle-income countries, but such models are needed to facilitate epidemiologic research on air pollution. We developed annual and seasonal LUR models for ambient oxides of nitrogen (NO, NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, and NO<jats:sub>X<\/jats:sub>) in the Middle Eastern city of Tehran, Iran, using 2010 data from 23 fixed monitoring stations. A novel systematic algorithm was developed for spatial modeling. The R<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>values for the LUR models ranged from 0.69 to 0.78 for NO, 0.64 to 0.75 for NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, and 0.61 to 0.79 for NOx. The most predictive variables were: distance to the traffic access control zone; distance to primary schools; green space; official areas; bridges; and slope. The annual average concentrations of all pollutants were high, approaching those reported for megacities in Asia. At 1000 randomly-selected locations the correlations between cooler and warmer season estimates were 0.64 for NO, 0.58 for NO<jats:sub>X<\/jats:sub>, and 0.30 for NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>. Seasonal differences in spatial patterns of pollution are likely driven by differences in source contributions and meteorology. These models provide a basis for understanding long-term exposures and chronic health effects of air pollution in Tehran, where such research has been limited.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/srep32970","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,13]],"date-time":"2016-09-13T12:57:55Z","timestamp":1473771475000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Annual and seasonal spatial models for nitrogen oxides in Tehran, Iran"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Heresh","family":"Amini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seyed-Mahmood","family":"Taghavi-Shahri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah B.","family":"Henderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vahid","family":"Hosseini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hossein","family":"Hassankhany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Naderi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Solmaz","family":"Ahadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Schindler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nino","family":"K\u00fcnzli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masud","family":"Yunesian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFsrep32970_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02653-2","volume":"356","author":"N K\u00fcnzli","year":"2000","unstructured":"K\u00fcnzli, N. et al. Public-health impact of outdoor and traffic-related air pollution: a European assessment. Lancet 356, 795\u2013801 (2000).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"BFsrep32970_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00378-0","volume":"388","author":"JD Kaufman","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kaufman J. D. et al. Association between air pollution and coronary artery calcification within six metropolitan areas in the USA (the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis and Air Pollution): a longitudinal cohort study. Lancet 388, 696\u2013704 (2016).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"BFsrep32970_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b03709","volume":"50","author":"M Brauer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Brauer, M. et al. Ambient air pollution exposure estimation for the Global Burden of Disease 2013. Environ. Sci. Technol. 50, 79\u201388 (2016).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"BFsrep32970_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1007\/s00038-015-0729-0","volume":"60","author":"N K\u00fcnzli","year":"2015","unstructured":"K\u00fcnzli, N., Joss, M. K. & Gintowt, E. Global standards for global health in a globalized economy! Int. J. Public Health 60, 757\u2013759 (2015).","journal-title":"Int. J. Public Health"},{"key":"BFsrep32970_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2287","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00128-2","volume":"386","author":"MH Forouzanfar","year":"2015","unstructured":"Forouzanfar, M. H. et al. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks in 188 countries, 1990\u20132013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet 386, 2287\u20132323 (2015).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"BFsrep32970_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18645","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-015-5545-9","volume":"22","author":"P Poursafa","year":"2015","unstructured":"Poursafa, P. et al. Trends in health burden of ambient particulate matter pollution in Iran, 1990\u20132010: findings from the global burden of disease study 2010. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 22, 18645\u201318653 (2015).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"BFsrep32970_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/2052-336x-11-11","volume":"11","author":"E Gharehchahi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gharehchahi, E. et al. Health impact assessment of air pollution in Shiraz, Iran: a two-part study. J. Environ. Health Sci. Eng 11, 8, doi: 10.1186\/2052-336x-11-11 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Environ. Health Sci. Eng"},{"key":"BFsrep32970_CR8","unstructured":"Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME). GBD Compare. Seattle, WA: IHME, University of Washington, 2015. Available from http:\/\/vizhub.healthdata.org\/gbd-compare. (Accessed [July 09, 2016])."},{"key":"BFsrep32970_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612822666151109111712","volume":"22","author":"P Giorgini","year":"2016","unstructured":"Giorgini, P. et al. Air pollution exposure and blood pressure: an updated review of the literature. Curr. Pharm. Design 22, 28\u201351 (2016).","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Design"},{"key":"BFsrep32970_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1307725","volume":"122","author":"KB Fuks","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fuks, K. B. et al. Arterial blood pressure and long-term exposure to traffic-related air pollution: an analysis in the European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects (ESCAPE). Environ. Health Perspect. 122, 896\u2013905 (2014).","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"BFsrep32970_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1307823","volume":"123","author":"IC Eze","year":"2015","unstructured":"Eze, I. C. et al. Association between ambient air pollution and diabetes mellitus in Europe and North America: systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ. Health Perspect. 123, 381\u2013389 (2015).","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"BFsrep32970_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2016.02.036","volume":"91","author":"AB Hansen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hansen, A. B. et al. Long-term exposure to fine particulate matter and incidence of diabetes in the Danish Nurse Cohort. Environ. Int. 91, 243\u2013250 (2016).","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"BFsrep32970_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0130337","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0130337","volume":"10","author":"IC Eze","year":"2015","unstructured":"Eze, I. C. et al. Long-Term Exposure to Ambient Air Pollution and Metabolic Syndrome in Adults. PloS One 10, e0130337, doi: 10.1371\/journal.pone.0130337 (2015).","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"BFsrep32970_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1159\/000368553","volume":"43","author":"P Heydarpour","year":"2014","unstructured":"Heydarpour, P. et al. Potential impact of air pollution on multiple sclerosis in Tehran, Iran. Neuroepidemiology 43, 233\u2013238 (2014).","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"BFsrep32970_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1408322","volume":"124","author":"A Oudin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Oudin, A. et al. Traffic-Related Air Pollution and Dementia Incidence in Northern Sweden: A Longitudinal Study. Environ. Health Perspect. 124, 306\u2013312 (2015).","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"BFsrep32970_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, W., Yun, Y., Ku, T., Li, G. & Sang, N. NO2 inhalation promotes Alzheimer\u2019s disease-like progression: cyclooxygenase-2-derived prostaglandin E2 modulation and monoacylglycerol lipase inhibition-targeted medication. Sci Rep 6, doi: 10.1038\/srep22429 (2016).","DOI":"10.1038\/srep22429"},{"key":"BFsrep32970_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2014.07.011","volume":"73","author":"JS LaKind","year":"2014","unstructured":"LaKind, J. S. et al. A proposal for assessing study quality: Biomonitoring, Environmental Epidemiology, and Short-lived Chemicals (BEES-C) instrument. Environ. Int. 73, 195\u2013207 (2014).","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"BFsrep32970_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jea.7500388","volume":"15","author":"M Jerrett","year":"2005","unstructured":"Jerrett, M. et al. A review and evaluation of intraurban air pollution exposure models. J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol. 15, 185\u2013204 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol."},{"key":"BFsrep32970_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1039\/b813889c","volume":"11","author":"B Zou","year":"2009","unstructured":"Zou, B., Wilson, J. G., Zhan, F. B. & Zeng, Y. Air pollution exposure assessment methods utilized in epidemiological studies. J. Environ. Monit. 11, 475\u2013490 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Environ. Monit."},{"key":"BFsrep32970_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tashayo, B. & Alimohammadi, A. Modeling urban air pollution with optimized hierarchical fuzzy inference system. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., doi: 10.1007\/s11356-016-7059-5 (2016).","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-016-7059-5"},{"key":"BFsrep32970_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2008.05.057","volume":"42","author":"G Hoek","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hoek, G. et al. A review of land-use regression models to assess spatial variation of outdoor air pollution. Atmos. Environ. 42, 7561\u20137578 (2008).","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"BFsrep32970_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2422","DOI":"10.1021\/es0606780","volume":"41","author":"SB Henderson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Henderson, S. B., Beckerman, B., Jerrett, M. & Brauer, M. Application of land use regression to estimate long-term concentrations of traffic-related nitrogen oxides and fine particulate matter. Environ. Sci. Technol. 41, 2422\u20132428 (2007).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"BFsrep32970_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwt127","volume":"178","author":"X Basaga\u00f1a","year":"2013","unstructured":"Basaga\u00f1a, X. et al. Measurement error in epidemiologic studies of air pollution based on land-use regression models. Am. J. Epidemiol. 178, 1342\u20131346 (2013).","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"BFsrep32970_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zou, B. et al. Performance comparison of LUR and OK in PM2. 5 concentration mapping: a multidimensional perspective. Sci Rep 5, doi: 10.1038\/srep08698 (2015).","DOI":"10.1038\/srep08698"},{"key":"BFsrep32970_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1205146","volume":"121","author":"M Rivera","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rivera, M. et al. Association between long-term exposure to traffic-related air pollution and subclinical atherosclerosis: the REGICOR study. Environ. Health Perspect. 121, 223\u2013230 (2013).","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect"},{"key":"BFsrep32970_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.07.005","volume":"151","author":"K de Hoogh","year":"2016","unstructured":"de Hoogh, K. et al. Development of West-European PM 2.5 and NO2 land use regression models incorporating satellite-derived and chemical transport modelling data. Environ. Res. 151, 1\u201310, doi: 10.1016\/j.envres.2016.07.005 (2016).","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"BFsrep32970_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2012.01.064","volume":"54","author":"X Basaga\u00f1a","year":"2012","unstructured":"Basaga\u00f1a, X. et al. Effect of the number of measurement sites on land use regression models in estimating local air pollution. Atmos. Environ. 54, 634\u2013642 (2012).","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"BFsrep32970_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2004.06.049","volume":"39","author":"PS Kanaroglou","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kanaroglou, P. S. et al. Establishing an air pollution monitoring network for intra-urban population exposure assessment: A location-allocation approach. Atmos. Environ. 39, 2399\u20132409 (2005).","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"BFsrep32970_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2006.11.012","volume":"41","author":"Z Ross","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ross, Z., Jerrett, M., Ito, K., Tempalski, B. & Thurston, G. D. A land use regression for predicting fine particulate matter concentrations in the New York City region. Atmos. Environ. 41, 2255\u20132269 (2007).","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"BFsrep32970_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1039\/B615795E","volume":"9","author":"D Moore","year":"2007","unstructured":"Moore, D., Jerrett, M., Mack, W. & K\u00fcnzli, N. A land use regression model for predicting ambient fine particulate matter across Los Angeles, CA. J. Environ. Monit. 9, 246\u2013252 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Environ. Monit."},{"key":"BFsrep32970_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7072","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2011.09.042","volume":"45","author":"J Gulliver","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gulliver, J., de Hoogh, K., Fecht, D., Vienneau, D. & Briggs, D. Comparative assessment of GIS-based methods and metrics for estimating long-term exposures to air pollution. Atmos. Environ. 45, 7072\u20137080 (2011).","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"BFsrep32970_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2015.01.003","volume":"137","author":"X Meng","year":"2015","unstructured":"Meng, X. et al. A land use regression model for estimating the NO 2 concentration in shanghai, China. Environ. Res. 137, 308\u2013315 (2015).","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"BFsrep32970_CR33","unstructured":"Wark, K. & Warner, C. F. Air pollution: its origin and control. (Harper & Row, 1981)."},{"key":"BFsrep32970_CR34","unstructured":"Seinfeld, J. H. & Pandis, S. N. Atmospheric chemistry and physics: from air pollution to climate change. (John Wiley & Sons, 2012)."},{"key":"BFsrep32970_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2015.04.014","volume":"140","author":"J Kerckhoffs","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kerckhoffs, J. et al. A national fine spatial scale land-use regression model for ozone. Environ. Res. 140, 440\u2013448 (2015).","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"BFsrep32970_CR36","first-page":"62","volume":"17","author":"H Amini","year":"2014","unstructured":"Amini, H. et al. National and sub-national Environmental Burden of Disease in Iran from 1990 to 2013-study profile. Arch. Iran. Med. 17, 62 (2014).","journal-title":"Arch. Iran. Med."},{"key":"BFsrep32970_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2007.05.039","volume":"41","author":"C Madsen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Madsen, C. et al. Modeling the intra-urban variability of outdoor traffic pollution in Oslo, Norway\u2014A GA 2 LEN project. Atmos. Environ. 41, 7500\u20137511 (2007).","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"BFsrep32970_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2009.06.001","volume":"109","author":"JG Su","year":"2009","unstructured":"Su, J. G. et al. Predicting traffic-related air pollution in Los Angeles using a distance decay regression selection strategy. Environ. Res. 109, 657\u2013670 (2009).","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"BFsrep32970_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eeftens, M. et al. Development of land use regression models for nitrogen dioxide, ultrafine particles, lung deposited surface area, and four other markers of particulate matter pollution in the Swiss SAPALDIA regions. Environ. Health 15, doi: 10.1186\/s12940-016-0137-9 (2016).","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-016-0137-9"},{"key":"BFsrep32970_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2014.04.106","volume":"488","author":"H Amini","year":"2014","unstructured":"Amini, H. et al. Land use regression models to estimate the annual and seasonal spatial variability of sulfur dioxide and particulate matter in Tehran, Iran. Sci. Total Environ. 488, 343\u2013353 (2014).","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"BFsrep32970_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.1016\/S1001-0742(09)60263-1","volume":"22","author":"L Chen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chen, L. et al. A land use regression for predicting NO2 and PM10 concentrations in different seasons in Tianjin region, China. J. Environ. Sci. 22, 1364\u20131373 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"BFsrep32970_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1080\/08958370701495998","volume":"19","author":"PH Ryan","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ryan, P. H. & LeMasters, G. K. A review of land-use regression models for characterizing intraurban air pollution exposure. Inhal. Toxicol. 19, 127\u2013133 (2007).","journal-title":"Inhal. Toxicol."},{"key":"BFsrep32970_CR43","first-page":"1","volume":"1","author":"H Amini","year":"2013","unstructured":"Amini, H., Taghavi-Shahri, S.-M., Naddafi, K., Nabizadeh, R. & Yunesian, M. Correlation of air pollutants with land use and traffic measures in Tehran, Iran: A preliminary statistical analysis for land use regression modeling. J. Adv. Environ. Health Res. 1, 1\u20138 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Adv. Environ. Health Res."},{"key":"BFsrep32970_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v045.i07","volume":"45","author":"J Honaker","year":"2011","unstructured":"Honaker, J., King, G. & Blackwell, M. Amelia II: A program for missing data. J. Stat. Softw. 45, 1\u201347 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"BFsrep32970_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1921","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(97)00496-2","volume":"32","author":"MC Roorda-Knape","year":"1998","unstructured":"Roorda-Knape, M. C. et al. Air pollution from traffic in city districts near major motorways. Atmos. Environ. 32, 1921\u20131930 (1998).","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"BFsrep32970_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3875","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(01)00144-3","volume":"35","author":"NA Janssen","year":"2001","unstructured":"Janssen, N. A., van Vliet, P. H., Aarts, F., Harssema, H. & Brunekreef, B. Assessment of exposure to traffic related air pollution of children attending schools near motorways. Atmos. Environ. 35, 3875\u20133884 (2001).","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"BFsrep32970_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4323","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(02)00354-0","volume":"36","author":"Y Zhu","year":"2002","unstructured":"Zhu, Y., Hinds, W. C., Kim, S., Shen, S. & Sioutas, C. Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel traffic. Atmos. Environ. 36, 4323\u20134335 (2002).","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"BFsrep32970_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1579\/0044-7447-34.1.11","volume":"34","author":"B Forsberg","year":"2005","unstructured":"Forsberg, B. et al. Comparative health impact assessment of local and regional particulate air pollutants in Scandinavia. Ambio 34, 11\u201319 (2005).","journal-title":"Ambio"},{"key":"BFsrep32970_CR49","unstructured":"JICA and CEST. The study on seismic micro-zoning of the greater Tehran area in the Islamic Republic of Iran. A report from Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) and Center for Earthquake and Environmental Studies of Tehran (CEST), Tehran Municipality, Tehran, Iran. Available via: http:\/\/www.vojoudi.com\/earthquake\/jica\/. Accessed April 17, 2016 [In Persian]. (2000)."},{"key":"BFsrep32970_CR50","unstructured":"Clayton, D., Hills, M. & Pickles, A. Statistical models in epidemiology. Vol. 161 (IEA, 1993)."},{"key":"BFsrep32970_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1080\/00031305.1983.10483087","volume":"37","author":"B Efron","year":"1983","unstructured":"Efron, B. & Gong, G. A leisurely look at the bootstrap, the jackknife, and cross-validation. Am. Stat. 37, 36\u201348 (1983).","journal-title":"Am. Stat."},{"key":"BFsrep32970_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1007\/s11135-006-9018-6","volume":"41","author":"RM O\u2019brien","year":"2007","unstructured":"O\u2019brien, R. M. A caution regarding rules of thumb for variance inflation factors. Qual. Quant. 41, 673\u2013690 (2007).","journal-title":"Qual. Quant."},{"key":"BFsrep32970_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/37.1-2.17","volume":"37","author":"PA Moran","year":"1950","unstructured":"Moran, P. A. Notes on continuous stochastic phenomena. Biometrika 37, 17\u201323 (1950).","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"BFsrep32970_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1038\/jes.2012.126","volume":"23","author":"TD Matte","year":"2013","unstructured":"Matte, T. D. et al. Monitoring intraurban spatial patterns of multiple combustion air pollutants in New York City: Design and implementation. J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol. 23, 223\u2013231 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol."},{"key":"BFsrep32970_CR55","unstructured":"WHO. WHO Air quality guidelines for particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide. Geneva (2005)."},{"key":"BFsrep32970_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2007.10.048","volume":"42","author":"B Gurjar","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gurjar, B., Butler, T., Lawrence, M. & Lelieveld, J. Evaluation of emissions and air quality in megacities. Atmos. Environ. 42, 1593\u20131606 (2008).","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"BFsrep32970_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2014.01.025","volume":"476","author":"E Dons","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dons, E. et al. Land use regression models as a tool for short, medium and long term exposure to traffic related air pollution. Sci. Total Environ. 476, 378\u2013386 (2014).","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"BFsrep32970_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2010.05.006","volume":"97","author":"DE Bowler","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bowler, D. E., Buyung-Ali, L., Knight, T. M. & Pullin, A. S. Urban greening to cool towns and cities: A systematic review of the empirical evidence. Landsc. Urban Plan. 97, 147\u2013155 (2010).","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"BFsrep32970_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2006.10.020","volume":"41","author":"R Beelen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Beelen, R., Hoek, G., Fischer, P., van den Brandt, P. A. & Brunekreef, B. Estimated long-term outdoor air pollution concentrations in a cohort study. Atmos. Environ. 41, 1343\u20131358 (2007).","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"BFsrep32970_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1080\/10473289.2005.10464708","volume":"55","author":"NL Gilbert","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gilbert, N. L., Goldberg, M. S., Beckerman, B., Brook, J. R. & Jerrett, M. Assessing spatial variability of ambient nitrogen dioxide in Montreal, Canada, with a land-use regression model. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 55, 1059\u20131063 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep32970.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep32970","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep32970.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,19]],"date-time":"2024-06-19T10:02:20Z","timestamp":1718791340000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep32970"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,13]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,16]]}},"alternative-id":["BFsrep32970"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep32970","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 June 2016","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 August 2016","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 September 2016","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Vahid Hosseini, Hossein Hassankhany, Maryam Naderi, and Solmaz Ahadi declare that they are affiliated to Tehran Air Quality Control Company, a subsidiary of Tehran Municipality. The rest of authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"32970"}}