{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T09:52:18Z","timestamp":1790416338268,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,9]],"date-time":"2016-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1473379200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,9]],"date-time":"2016-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1473379200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this paper, we report a three orders-of-magnitude increase in the speed of a space-charge-controlled KTN beam deflector achieved by eliminating the electric field-induced phase transition (EFIPT) in a nanodisordered KTN crystal. Previously, to maximize the electro-optic effect, a KTN beam deflector was operated at a temperature slightly above the Curie temperature. The electric field could cause the KTN to undergo a phase transition from the paraelectric phase to the ferroelectric phase at this temperature, which causes the deflector to operate in the linear electro-optic regime. Since the deflection angle of the deflector is proportional to the space charge distribution but not the magnitude of the applied electric field, the scanning speed of the beam deflector is limited by the electron mobility within the KTN crystal. To overcome this speed limitation caused by the EFIPT, we propose to operate the deflector at a temperature above the critical end point. This results in a significant increase in the scanning speed from the microsecond to nanosecond regime, which represents a major technological advance in the field of fast speed beam scanners. This can be highly beneficial for many applications including high-speed imaging, broadband optical communications, and ultrafast laser display and printing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/srep33143","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,9]],"date-time":"2016-09-09T14:09:54Z","timestamp":1473430194000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Three order increase in scanning speed of space charge-controlled KTN deflector by eliminating electric field induced phase transition in nanodisordered KTN"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Wenbin","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ju-Hung","family":"Chao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chang-Jiang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shizhuo","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert C.","family":"Hoffman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFsrep33143_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1109\/PROC.1964.3194","volume":"52","author":"CF Buhrer","year":"1964","unstructured":"Buhrer, C. F., Electro-optic light beam deflector. Proc. IEEE. 52, 193\u2013194 (1964).","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"BFsrep33143_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2761","DOI":"10.1063\/1.124006","volume":"74","author":"K Nashimoto","year":"1999","unstructured":"Nashimoto, K. et al. Fabrication of electro-optic Pb (Zr, Ti) O3 heterostructure waveguides on Nb-doped SrTiO3 by solid-phase epitaxy. Appl. Phys. Lett. 74, 2761\u20132763 (1999).","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"BFsrep33143_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"081101-1","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2033133","volume":"87","author":"S Hisatake","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hisatake, S., Shibuya, K. & Kobayashi, T. Ultrafast traveling-wave electro-optic deflector using domain-engineered LiTaO3 crystal. Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 081101-1\u2013081101-3(2005).","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"BFsrep33143_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1707846","volume":"37","author":"FS Chen","year":"1966","unstructured":"Chen, F. S., Geusic, J. E., Kurtz, S. K., Skinner, J. G. & Wemple, S. H. Light modulation and beam deflection with potassium tantalate-niobate crystals. J. Appl. Phys. 37, 388\u2013398 (1966).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"BFsrep33143_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1754003","volume":"4","author":"JE Geusic","year":"1964","unstructured":"Geusic, J. E., Kurtz, K., Van Uitert, L. G. & Wemple, H. Electro-optic properties of some ABO3 perovskites in the paraelectric phase. Appl. Phys. Lett. 4, 141\u2013143 (1964).","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"BFsrep33143_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5862","DOI":"10.1143\/JJAP.43.5862","volume":"43","author":"S Toyoda","year":"2004","unstructured":"Toyoda, S. et al. Low-driving-voltage electro-optic modulator with novel KTa1-xNbxO3 crystal waveguides. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 43, 5862\u20135866 (2004).","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"BFsrep33143_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111501-1","DOI":"10.1143\/APEX.4.111501","volume":"4","author":"J Miyazu.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Miyazu. J. et al. New beam scanning model for high-speed operation using KTa1\u2212xNbxO3 crystals. Appl. Phys. Express 4, 111501-1\u2013111501-3 (2011).","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Express"},{"key":"BFsrep33143_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21126","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.20.021126","volume":"20","author":"YC Chang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chang, Y. C., Lin, C. M., Yao, J., Wang, C. & Yin, S. Field induced dynamic waveguides based on potassium tantalate niobate crystals. Opt. Express 20, 21126\u201321136 (2012).","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"BFsrep33143_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17760","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.21.017760","volume":"21","author":"YC Chang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chang, Y. C., Wang, C., Yin, S., Hoffman, R. C. & Mott, A. G. Kovacs effect enhanced broadband large field of view electro-optic modulators in nanodisordered KTN crystals. Opt. Express 21, 17760\u201317768 (2013).","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"BFsrep33143_CR10","first-page":"92000X-1","volume":"9200","author":"YC Chang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chang, Y. C. et al. Super broadband ultrafast waveguide switches based on dynamic waveguiding effect. SPIE. 9200, 92000X-1\u201392000X-7 (2014).","journal-title":"SPIE"},{"key":"BFsrep33143_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sakamoto, T., Toyoda, S., Ueno, M. & Kobayashi, J. High-speed optical beam scanning using KTN crystal. IEEE CPMT Symposium Japan 173\u2013176 (2014).","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSJ.2014.7009638"},{"key":"BFsrep33143_CR12","first-page":"95860W-1","volume":"9586","author":"W Zhu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhu, W., Chao, J. H., Wang, C., Yao, J. & Yin, S. Design and implementation of super broadband high speed waveguide switches. SPIE. 9586, 95860W-1\u201395860W-9 (2015).","journal-title":"SPIE"},{"key":"BFsrep33143_CR13","first-page":"1","volume":"7","author":"Y Sasaki","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sasaki, Y. High-speed spectrometer using KTN optical beam scanner. NTT Tech. Rev. 7, 1\u20135 (2009).","journal-title":"NTT Tech. Rev"},{"key":"BFsrep33143_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27001-1","DOI":"10.7567\/APEX.8.027001","volume":"8","author":"M Ohmi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ohmi, M. et al. Development of novel high-speed en face optical coherence tomography system using KTN optical beam deflector. Appl. Phys. Express 8, 27001-1\u201327001-3 (2015).","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Express"},{"key":"BFsrep33143_CR15","first-page":"934321-1","volume":"9343","author":"P Wu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wu, P. & Tang, S. Wavelength-tunable laser based on electro-optic effect. SPIE. 9343, 934321-1\u2013934321-6 (2015).","journal-title":"SPIE"},{"key":"BFsrep33143_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"056102-1","DOI":"10.1088\/1054-660X\/25\/5\/056102","volume":"25","author":"D Gong","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gong, D. et al. Electric-field-controlled optical beam splitter using the Kerr effect and the Nb\/(Ta+ Nb) composition ratio gradient. Laser Phys. 25, 056102-1\u2013056102-6 (2015).","journal-title":"Laser Phys."},{"key":"BFsrep33143_CR17","first-page":"1651","volume":"24","author":"W Zhu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhu, W., Yao, J., Chao, J. H. & Yin, S. Alignment free all solid state angularly multiplexed holographic memory systems. Asian J. Phys. 24, 1651\u20131658 (2015).","journal-title":"Asian J. Phys"},{"key":"BFsrep33143_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"013105-1","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2949394","volume":"104","author":"K Nakamura","year":"2008","unstructured":"Nakamura, K. et al. Space-charge-controlled electro-optic effect: optical beam deflection by electro-optic effect and space-charge-controlled electrical conduction. J. Appl. Phys. 104, 013105-1\u2013013105-10 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"BFsrep33143_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1049\/el.2011.4057","volume":"48","author":"Y Okabe","year":"2012","unstructured":"Okabe, Y. et al. 200\u2009kHz swept light source equipped with KTN deflector for optical coherence tomography. Electron. Lett. 48, 201\u2013202 (2012).","journal-title":"Electron. Lett."},{"key":"BFsrep33143_CR20","first-page":"97440L-1","volume":"9744","author":"S Tatsumi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tatsumi, S. et al. 700\u2009kHz beam scanning using electro-optic KTN planar optical deflector. SPIE. 9744, 97440L-1\u201397440L-6 (2016).","journal-title":"SPIE"},{"key":"BFsrep33143_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"09PB02-1","DOI":"10.7567\/JJAP.53.094002","volume":"53","author":"T Imai","year":"2014","unstructured":"Imai, T., Toyoda, S., Miyazu, J., Kobayashi, J. & Kojima, S., Permittivity changes induced by injected electrons and field-induced phase transition in KTa1\u2212xNbxO3 optical beam deflectors. Jpn. J. Appl Phys. 53, 09PB02-1\u201309PB02-6 (2014).","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Appl Phys."},{"key":"BFsrep33143_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4574","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.38.004574","volume":"38","author":"YC Chang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chang, Y. C., Wang, C., Yin, S., Hoffman, R. C. & Mott, A. G., Giant electro-optic effect in nanodisordered KTN crystals. Opt. Lett. 38, 4574\u20134577 (2013).","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"BFsrep33143_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.53829\/ntr200912sf3","volume":"7","author":"S Yagi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Yagi, S., KTN crystals open up new possibilities and applications. NTT Tech. Rev. 7, 1\u20135 (2009).","journal-title":"NTT Tech. Rev"},{"key":"BFsrep33143_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3472","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.55.3472","volume":"55","author":"L Knauss","year":"1997","unstructured":"Knauss, L., Pattnaik, R. & Toulouse, J., Polarization dynamics in the mixed ferroelectric KTa1\u2212xNbxO3, Physical Review B. 55, 3472\u20133479 (1997).","journal-title":"Physical Review B"},{"key":"BFsrep33143_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2007","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.6.002007","volume":"6","author":"W Hass","year":"1967","unstructured":"Hass, W. & Johannes, R., Linear electrooptic effect in potassium tantalate niobate crystals. Appl. Opt. 6, 2007\u20132009 (1967).","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"BFsrep33143_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14114","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.22.014114","volume":"22","author":"T Imai","year":"2014","unstructured":"Imai, T., Miyazu, J. & Kobayashi, J., Charge distributions in KTN optical beam deflectors formed by voltage application. Optics Express 22, 14114\u201314126 (2014).","journal-title":"Optics Express"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep33143.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep33143","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep33143.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]],"date-time":"2025-06-10T17:50:25Z","timestamp":1749577825000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep33143"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,9]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,16]]}},"alternative-id":["BFsrep33143"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep33143","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 June 2016","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 August 2016","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 September 2016","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing financial interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"33143"}}