{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T16:26:55Z","timestamp":1780590415446,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,12]],"date-time":"2016-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1473638400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,12]],"date-time":"2016-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1473638400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Evidence suggests that Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) is part of a continuum, characterized by long preclinical phases before the onset of clinical symptoms. In several cases, this continuum starts with a syndrome, defined as mild cognitive impairment (MCI), in which daily activities are preserved despite the presence of cognitive decline. The possibility of having a reliable and sensitive neurophysiological marker that can be used for early detection of AD is extremely valuable because of the incidence of this type of dementia. In this study, we aimed to investigate the reliability of auditory mismatch negativity (aMMN) as a marker of cognitive decline from normal ageing progressing from MCI to AD. We compared aMMN elicited in the frontal and temporal locations by duration deviant sounds in short (400\u2009ms) and long (4000\u2009ms) inter-trial intervals (ITI) in three groups. We found that at a short ITI, MCI showed only the temporal component of aMMN and AD the frontal component compared to healthy elderly who presented both. At a longer ITI, aMMN was elicited only in normal ageing subjects at the temporal locations. Our study provides empirical evidence for the possibility to adopt aMMN as an index for assessing cognitive decline in pathological ageing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/srep33167","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,12]],"date-time":"2016-09-12T09:40:13Z","timestamp":1473673213000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["The mismatch negativity as an index of cognitive decline for the early detection of Alzheimer\u2019s disease"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Manuela","family":"Ruzzoli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cornelia","family":"Pirulli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veronica","family":"Mazza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlo","family":"Miniussi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debora","family":"Brignani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFsrep33167_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1159\/000013874","volume":"5","author":"R Naatanen","year":"2000","unstructured":"Naatanen, R. & Escera, C. Mismatch negativity: clinical and other applications. Audiol Neurootol 5, 105\u2013110 (2000).","journal-title":"Audiol Neurootol"},{"key":"BFsrep33167_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(84)90474-9","volume":"50","author":"R Hari","year":"1984","unstructured":"Hari, R. et al. Responses of the primary auditory cortex to pitch changes in a sequence of tone pips: neuromagnetic recordings in man. Neurosci. Lett. 50, 127\u2013132 (1984).","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"BFsrep33167_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1097\/00003446-199502000-00004","volume":"16","author":"K Alho","year":"1995","unstructured":"Alho, K. Cerebral generators of mismatch negativity (MMN) and its magnetic counterpart (MMNm) elicited by sound changes. Ear Hear. 16, 38\u201351 (1995).","journal-title":"Ear Hear."},{"key":"BFsrep33167_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1990.tb03184.x","volume":"27","author":"MH Giard","year":"1990","unstructured":"Giard, M. H., Perrin, F., Pernier, J. & Bouchet, P. Brain generators implicated in the processing of auditory stimulus deviance: a topographic event-related potential study. Psychophysiology 27, 627\u2013640 (1990).","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"BFsrep33167_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199206000-00009","volume":"3","author":"R N\u00e4\u00e4t\u00e4nen","year":"1992","unstructured":"N\u00e4\u00e4t\u00e4nen, R., Teder, W., Alho, K. & Lavikainen, J. Auditory attention and selective input modulation: a topographical ERP study. Neuroreport 3, 493\u2013496 (1992).","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"BFsrep33167_CR6","first-page":"179","volume":"44","author":"R N\u00e4\u00e4t\u00e4nen","year":"1995","unstructured":"N\u00e4\u00e4t\u00e4nen, R. & Alho, K. Mismatch negativity to change in complex spectrotemporal sound pattern: a new way to study neural learning in the human brain. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. Suppl. 44, 179\u2013184 (1995).","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. Suppl."},{"key":"BFsrep33167_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199904260-00028","volume":"10","author":"IP J\u00e4\u00e4skel\u00e4inen","year":"1999","unstructured":"J\u00e4\u00e4skel\u00e4inen, I. P., Varonen, R., N\u00e4\u00e4t\u00e4nen, R. & Pekkonen, E. Decay of cortical pre-attentive sound discrimination in middle-age. Neuroreport 10, 123\u2013126 (1999).","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"BFsrep33167_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2007.04.026","volume":"118","author":"R N\u00e4\u00e4t\u00e4nen","year":"2007","unstructured":"N\u00e4\u00e4t\u00e4nen, R., Paavilainen, P., Rinne, T. & Alho, K. The mismatch negativity (MMN) in basic research of central auditory processing: A review. Clin. Neurophysiol. 118, 2544\u20132590 (2007).","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"BFsrep33167_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2008.11.029","volume":"120","author":"MI Garrido","year":"2009","unstructured":"Garrido, M. I., Kilner, J. M., Stephan, K. E. & Friston, K. J. The mismatch negativity: a review of underlying mechanisms. Clin. Neurophysiol. 120, 453\u2013463 (2009).","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"BFsrep33167_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3435","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awr064","volume":"134","author":"R N\u00e4\u00e4t\u00e4nen","year":"2011","unstructured":"N\u00e4\u00e4t\u00e4nen, R. et al. The mismatch negativity: an index of cognitive decline in neuropsychiatric and neurological diseases and in ageing. Brain 134, 3435\u20133453 (2011).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"BFsrep33167_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.1993.5.3.363","volume":"5","author":"M Sams","year":"1993","unstructured":"Sams, M., Hari, R., Rif, J. & Knuutila, J. The Human Auditory Sensory Memory Trace Persists about 10\u2009sec: Neuromagnetic Evidence. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 5, 363\u2013370 (1993).","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFsrep33167_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bartha-Doering, L., Deuster, D., Giordano, V., am Zehnhoff-Dinnesen, A. & Dobel, C. A systematic review of the mismatch negativity as an index for auditory sensory memory: From basic research to clinical and developmental perspectives. Psychophysiology 52 (2015).","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.12459"},{"key":"BFsrep33167_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2011.09.020","volume":"123","author":"R N\u00e4\u00e4t\u00e4nen","year":"2012","unstructured":"N\u00e4\u00e4t\u00e4nen, R. et al. The mismatch negativity (MMN)\u2013a unique window to disturbed central auditory processing in ageing and different clinical conditions. Clin. Neurophysiol. 123, 424\u2013458 (2012).","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"BFsrep33167_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548-014-0374-6","volume":"27","author":"R N\u00e4\u00e4t\u00e4nen","year":"2014","unstructured":"N\u00e4\u00e4t\u00e4nen, R., Sussman, E. S., Salisbury, D. & Shafer, V. L. Mismatch negativity (MMN) as an index of cognitive dysfunction. Brain Topogr. 27, 451\u2013466 (2014).","journal-title":"Brain Topogr."},{"key":"BFsrep33167_CR15","unstructured":"Terry, R. D., Masliah, E. & LA, H. In Sisodia SS, editors. Alzheimer disease. 2nd ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins ; pp. 187\u2013206 (1999)."},{"key":"BFsrep33167_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S65","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.51.1_Suppl_1.S65","volume":"51","author":"JL Cummings","year":"1998","unstructured":"Cummings, J. L., Vinters, H. V., Cole, G. M. & Khachaturian, Z. S. Alzheimer\u2019s disease: etiologies, pathophysiology, cognitive reserve, and treatment opportunities. Neurology 51, S2\u201317 S65\u2013S67 (1998).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"BFsrep33167_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61349-9","volume":"377","author":"C Ballard","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ballard, C. et al. Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Lancet 377, 1019\u20131031 (2011).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"BFsrep33167_CR18","unstructured":"Scheltens, P. et al. Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Lancet (London, England) (2016)."},{"key":"BFsrep33167_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1002\/emmm.200900048","volume":"1","author":"AM Fagan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Fagan, A. M. et al. Cerebrospinal fluid tau and ptau(181) increase with cortical amyloid deposition in cognitively normal individuals: implications for future clinical trials of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. EMBO Mol. Med. 1, 371\u2013380 (2009).","journal-title":"EMBO Mol. Med."},{"key":"BFsrep33167_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(09)70299-6","volume":"9","author":"CR Jack","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jack, C. R. et al. Hypothetical model of dynamic biomarkers of the Alzheimer\u2019s pathological cascade. Lancet Neurol. 9, 119\u2013128 (2010).","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"BFsrep33167_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2011.03.005","volume":"7","author":"GM McKhann","year":"2011","unstructured":"McKhann, G. M. et al. The diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimer\u2019s disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer\u2019s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Alzheimers. Dement. 7, 263\u2013269 (2011).","journal-title":"Alzheimers. Dement."},{"key":"BFsrep33167_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.56.3.303","volume":"56","author":"RC Petersen","year":"1999","unstructured":"Petersen, R. C. et al. Mild cognitive impairment: clinical characterization and outcome. Arch. Neurol. 56, 303\u2013308 (1999).","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"BFsrep33167_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2004.01388.x","volume":"256","author":"RC Petersen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Petersen, R. C. Mild cognitive impairment as a diagnostic entity. J. Intern. Med. 256, 183\u2013194 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"BFsrep33167_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1159\/000151635","volume":"26","author":"GA Jicha","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jicha, G. A. et al. Clinical features of mild cognitive impairment differ in the research and tertiary clinic settings. Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord. 26, 187\u2013192 (2008).","journal-title":"Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord."},{"key":"BFsrep33167_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2004.053751","volume":"76","author":"JD Fisk","year":"2005","unstructured":"Fisk, J. D. & Rockwood, K. Outcomes of incident mild cognitive impairment in relation to case definition. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 76, 1175\u20131177 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFsrep33167_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181cb3e25","volume":"74","author":"RC Petersen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Petersen, R. C. et al. Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI): Clinical characterization. Neurology 74, 201\u2013209 (2009).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"BFsrep33167_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4637","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0308627101","volume":"101","author":"MD Greicius","year":"2004","unstructured":"Greicius, M. D., Srivastava, G., Reiss, A. L. & Menon, V. Default-mode network activity distinguishes Alzheimer\u2019s disease from healthy aging: evidence from functional MRI. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101, 4637\u20134642 (2004).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFsrep33167_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2005.12.008","volume":"28","author":"RM Chapman","year":"2007","unstructured":"Chapman, R. M. et al. Brain event-related potentials: diagnosing early-stage Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Neurobiol. Aging 28, 194\u2013201 (2007).","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"BFsrep33167_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(96)00344-7","volume":"42","author":"VA Kazmerski","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kazmerski, V. A., Friedman, D. & Ritter, W. Mismatch negativity during attend and ignore conditions in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Biol. Psychiatry 42, 382\u2013402 (1997).","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFsrep33167_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199902050-00014","volume":"10","author":"H Gaeta","year":"1999","unstructured":"Gaeta, H., Friedman, D., Ritter, W. & Cheng, J. Changes in sensitivity to stimulus deviance in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: an ERP perspective. Neuroreport 10, 281\u2013287 (1999).","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"BFsrep33167_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-5597(92)90086-Q","volume":"84","author":"R Verleger","year":"1992","unstructured":"Verleger, R., K\u00f6mpf, D. & Neuk\u00e4ter, W. Event-related EEG potentials in mild dementia of the Alzheimer type. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 84, 332\u2013343 (1992).","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"BFsrep33167_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-140930","volume":"44","author":"G Stothart","year":"2015","unstructured":"Stothart, G., Kazanina, N., N\u00e4\u00e4t\u00e4nen, R., Haworth, J. & Tales, A. Early visual evoked potentials and mismatch negativity in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and mild cognitive impairment. J. Alzheimers. Dis. 44, 397\u2013408 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers. Dis."},{"key":"BFsrep33167_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2007.11.017","volume":"46","author":"A Tales","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tales, A., Haworth, J., Wilcock, G., Newton, P. & Butler, S. Visual mismatch negativity highlights abnormal pre-attentive visual processing in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Neuropsychologia 46, 1224\u20131232 (2008).","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"BFsrep33167_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2537","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199412000-00033","volume":"5","author":"E Pekkonen","year":"1994","unstructured":"Pekkonen, E., Jousm\u00e4ki, V., K\u00f6n\u00f6nen, M., Reinikainen, K. & Partanen, J. Auditory sensory memory impairment in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: an event-related potential study. Neuroreport 5, 2537\u20132540 (1994).","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"BFsrep33167_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2012-111868","volume":"30","author":"L Mowszowski","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mowszowski, L. et al. Reduced mismatch negativity in mild cognitive impairment: associations with neuropsychological performance. J. Alzheimers. Dis. 30, 209\u2013219 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers. Dis."},{"key":"BFsrep33167_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2013.00079","volume":"5","author":"M Lind\u00edn","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lind\u00edn, M., Correa, K., Zurr\u00f3n, M. & D\u00edaz, F. Mismatch negativity (MMN) amplitude as a biomarker of sensory memory deficit in amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Front. Aging Neurosci. 5, 79 (2013).","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"BFsrep33167_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2451","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199808030-00005","volume":"9","author":"C Grau","year":"1998","unstructured":"Grau, C., Escera, C., Yago, E. & Polo, M. D. Mismatch negativity and auditory sensory memory evaluation: a new faster paradigm. Neuroreport 9, 2451\u20132456 (1998).","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"BFsrep33167_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2011.03.021","volume":"33","author":"M Ruzzoli","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ruzzoli, M., Pirulli, C., Brignani, D., Maioli, C. & Miniussi, C. Sensory memory during physiological aging indexed by mismatch negativity (MMN). Neurobiol. Aging 33, 625.e21\u2013e30 (2012).","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"BFsrep33167_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.34.7.939","volume":"34","author":"G McKhann","year":"1984","unstructured":"McKhann, G. et al. Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: report of the NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Neurology 34, 939\u2013944 (1984).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"BFsrep33167_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(75)90026-6","volume":"12","author":"MF Folstein","year":"1975","unstructured":"Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E. & McHugh, P. R. \u2018Mini-mental state\u2019. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J. Psychiatr. Res. 12, 189\u2013198 (1975).","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"BFsrep33167_CR41","unstructured":"Lezak, M., Howieson, D. & Loring, D. W. Neuropsychological assessment (2004)."},{"key":"BFsrep33167_CR42","first-page":"431","volume":"35","author":"Y Yokoyama","year":"1995","unstructured":"Yokoyama, Y., Nakashima, K., Shimoyama, R., Urakami, K. & Takahashi, K. Distribution of event-related potentials in patients with dementia. Electromyogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 35, 431\u2013437 (1995).","journal-title":"Electromyogr. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"BFsrep33167_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1159\/000013883","volume":"5","author":"E Pekkonen","year":"2000","unstructured":"Pekkonen, E. Mismatch negativity in aging and in Alzheimer\u2019s and Parkinson\u2019s diseases. Audiol. Neurootol. 5, 216\u2013224 (2000).","journal-title":"Audiol. Neurootol."},{"key":"BFsrep33167_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-5597(92)90033-8","volume":"84","author":"DL Woods","year":"1992","unstructured":"Woods, D. L. Auditory selective attention in middle-aged and elderly subjects: an event-related brain potential study. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 84, 456\u2013468 (1992).","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"BFsrep33167_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1995.tb01216.x","volume":"32","author":"F Karayanidis","year":"1995","unstructured":"Karayanidis, F., Andrews, S., Ward, P. B. & Michie, P. T. ERP indices of auditory selective attention in aging and Parkinson\u2019s disease. Psychophysiology 32, 335\u2013350 (1995).","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"BFsrep33167_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200106130-00027","volume":"12","author":"E Pekkonen","year":"2001","unstructured":"Pekkonen, E. et al. Preserved stimulus deviance detection in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Neuroreport 12, 1649\u20131652 (2001).","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"BFsrep33167_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1995.tb38155.x","volume":"769","author":"MM Schroeder","year":"1995","unstructured":"Schroeder, M. M., Ritter, W. & Vaughan, H. G. The mismatch negativity to novel stimuli reflects cognitive decline. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 769, 399\u2013401 (1995).","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"BFsrep33167_CR48","unstructured":"T.C, H. In Event-Related Potentials (ed. Todd C, Handy ) 3\u201355 (2005)."},{"key":"BFsrep33167_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2001.0970","volume":"15","author":"B Opitz","year":"2002","unstructured":"Opitz, B., Rinne, T., Mecklinger, A., von Cramon, D. Y. & Schr\u00f6ger, E. Differential contribution of frontal and temporal cortices to auditory change detection: fMRI and ERP results. Neuroimage 15, 167\u2013174 (2002).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"BFsrep33167_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200207190-00021","volume":"13","author":"BW M\u00fcller","year":"2002","unstructured":"M\u00fcller, B. W., Achenbach, C., Oades, R. D., Bender, S. & Schall, U. Modulation of mismatch negativity by stimulus deviance and modality of attention. Neuroreport 13, 1317\u20131320 (2002).","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"BFsrep33167_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00389-6","volume":"20","author":"CF Doeller","year":"2003","unstructured":"Doeller, C. F. et al. Prefrontal cortex involvement in preattentive auditory deviance detection: neuroimaging and electrophysiological evidence. Neuroimage 20, 1270\u20131282 (2003).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"BFsrep33167_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhh155","volume":"15","author":"S Molholm","year":"2005","unstructured":"Molholm, S., Martinez, A., Ritter, W., Javitt, D. C. & Foxe, J. J. The neural circuitry of pre-attentive auditory change-detection: an fMRI study of pitch and duration mismatch negativity generators. Cereb. Cortex 15, 545\u2013551 (2005).","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"BFsrep33167_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2007.08.019","volume":"55","author":"LY Deouell","year":"2007","unstructured":"Deouell, L. Y., Heller, A. S., Malach, R., D\u2019Esposito, M. & Knight, R. T. Cerebral responses to change in spatial location of unattended sounds. Neuron 55, 985\u2013996 (2007).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"BFsrep33167_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.01.017","volume":"26","author":"T Rinne","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rinne, T., Degerman, A. & Alho, K. Superior temporal and inferior frontal cortices are activated by infrequent sound duration decrements: an fMRI study. Neuroimage 26, 66\u201372 (2005).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"BFsrep33167_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2007.07.079","volume":"1220","author":"L Fuentemilla","year":"2008","unstructured":"Fuentemilla, L., Marco-Pallar\u00e9s, J., M\u00fcnte, T. F. & Grau, C. Theta EEG oscillatory activity and auditory change detection. Brain Res. 1220, 93\u2013101 (2008).","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"BFsrep33167_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(96)01008-6","volume":"742","author":"I Winkler","year":"1996","unstructured":"Winkler, I., Karmos, G. & N\u00e4\u00e4t\u00e4nen, R. Adaptive modeling of the unattended acoustic environment reflected in the mismatch negativity event-related potential. Brain Res. 742, 239\u2013252 (1996).","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"BFsrep33167_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2005.1622","volume":"360","author":"K Friston","year":"2005","unstructured":"Friston, K. A theory of cortical responses. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci. 360, 815\u2013836 (2005).","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"BFsrep33167_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1023832305702","volume":"13","author":"X Delbeuck","year":"2003","unstructured":"Delbeuck, X., Van der Linden, M. & Collette, F. Alzheimer\u2019s disease as a disconnection syndrome? Neuropsychol. Rev. 13, 79\u201392 (2003).","journal-title":"Neuropsychol. Rev."},{"key":"BFsrep33167_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318245287d","volume":"78","author":"HIL Jacobs","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jacobs, H. I. L. et al. Functional integration of parietal lobe activity in early Alzheimer disease. Neurology 78, 352\u2013360 (2012).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"BFsrep33167_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.11.028","volume":"74","author":"YI Sheline","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sheline, Y. I. & Raichle, M. E. Resting state functional connectivity in preclinical Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Biol. Psychiatry 74, 340\u2013347 (2013).","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFsrep33167_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S155","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2012-120730","volume":"31","author":"JP Chhatwal","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chhatwal, J. P. & Sperling, R. A. Functional MRI of mnemonic networks across the spectrum of normal aging, mild cognitive impairment, and Alzheimer\u2019s disease. J. Alzheimers. Dis. 31 Suppl 3, S155\u2013S167 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers. Dis."},{"key":"BFsrep33167_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000228230.26044.a4","volume":"67","author":"MA Mintun","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mintun, M. A. et al. [11\u2009C]PIB in a nondemented population: potential antecedent marker of Alzheimer disease. Neurology 67, 446\u2013452 (2006).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"BFsrep33167_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12686","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3189-09.2009","volume":"29","author":"T Hedden","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hedden, T. et al. Disruption of functional connectivity in clinically normal older adults harboring amyloid burden. J. Neurosci. 29, 12686\u201312694 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFsrep33167_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2399","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhr025","volume":"21","author":"EC Mormino","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mormino, E. C. et al. Relationships between \u03b2-amyloid and functional connectivity in different components of the default mode network in aging. Cereb. Cortex 21, 2399\u20132407 (2011).","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"BFsrep33167_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1440.011","volume":"1124","author":"RL Buckner","year":"2008","unstructured":"Buckner, R. L., Andrews-Hanna, J. R. & Schacter, D. L. The brain\u2019s default network: anatomy, function, and relevance to disease. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1124, 1\u201338 (2008).","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"BFsrep33167_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.98.2.676","volume":"98","author":"ME Raichle","year":"2001","unstructured":"Raichle, M. E. et al. A default mode of brain function. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 676\u2013682 (2001).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFsrep33167_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.12.033","volume":"31","author":"L Wang","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wang, L. et al. Changes in hippocampal connectivity in the early stages of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: evidence from resting state fMRI. Neuroimage 31, 496\u2013504 (2006).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"BFsrep33167_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1482","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.64.10.1482","volume":"64","author":"G Allen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Allen, G. et al. Reduced hippocampal functional connectivity in Alzheimer disease. Arch. Neurol. 64, 1482\u20131487 (2007).","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"BFsrep33167_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1385\/JMN:17:2:101","volume":"17","author":"JC Morris","year":"2001","unstructured":"Morris, J. C. & Price, J. L. Pathologic correlates of nondemented aging, mild cognitive impairment, and early-stage Alzheimer\u2019s disease. J. Mol. Neurosci. 17, 101\u2013118 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFsrep33167_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20009","volume":"55","author":"WE Klunk","year":"2004","unstructured":"Klunk, W. E. et al. Imaging brain amyloid in Alzheimer\u2019s disease with Pittsburgh Compound-B. Ann. Neurol. 55, 306\u2013319 (2004).","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"BFsrep33167_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1718","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000261919.22630.ea","volume":"68","author":"CC Rowe","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rowe, C. C. et al. Imaging beta-amyloid burden in aging and dementia. Neurology 68, 1718\u20131725 (2007).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"BFsrep33167_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-03-00986.2003","volume":"23","author":"CL Grady","year":"2003","unstructured":"Grady, C. L. et al. Evidence from functional neuroimaging of a compensatory prefrontal network in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. J. Neurosci. 23, 986\u2013993 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFsrep33167_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s12017-009-8109-7","volume":"12","author":"RA Sperling","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sperling, R. A. et al. Functional alterations in memory networks in early Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Neuromolecular Med. 12, 27\u201343 (2010).","journal-title":"Neuromolecular Med."},{"key":"BFsrep33167_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20160","volume":"26","author":"SARB Rombouts","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rombouts, S. A. R. B., Barkhof, F., Goekoop, R., Stam, C. J. & Scheltens, P. Altered resting state networks in mild cognitive impairment and mild Alzheimer\u2019s disease: an fMRI study. Hum. Brain Mapp. 26, 231\u2013239 (2005).","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"BFsrep33167_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18760","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0708803104","volume":"104","author":"C Sorg","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sorg, C. et al. Selective changes of resting-state networks in individuals at risk for Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104, 18760\u201318765 (2007).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFsrep33167_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1969","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181e3966e","volume":"74","author":"JL O\u2019Brien","year":"2010","unstructured":"O\u2019Brien, J. L. et al. Longitudinal fMRI in elderly reveals loss of hippocampal activation with clinical decline. Neurology 74, 1969\u20131976 (2010).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"BFsrep33167_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000171450.97464.49","volume":"65","author":"BC Dickerson","year":"2005","unstructured":"Dickerson, B. C. et al. Increased hippocampal activation in mild cognitive impairment compared to normal aging and AD. Neurology 65, 404\u2013411 (2005).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"BFsrep33167_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2006.01.012","volume":"28","author":"R Heun","year":"2007","unstructured":"Heun, R. et al. Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and actual retrieval performance affect cerebral activation in the elderly. Neurobiol. Aging 28, 404\u2013413 (2007).","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"BFsrep33167_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1155\/2009\/610392","volume":"21","author":"BC Dickerson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Dickerson, B. C. & Sperling, R. A. Large-scale functional brain network abnormalities in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: insights from functional neuroimaging. Behav. Neurol. 21, 63\u201375 (2009).","journal-title":"Behav. Neurol."},{"key":"BFsrep33167_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2011.09.010","volume":"32","author":"MS Albert","year":"2011","unstructured":"Albert, M. S. Changes in cognition. Neurobiol. Aging 32 Suppl 1, S58\u2013S63 (2011).","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"BFsrep33167_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aws264","volume":"136","author":"A Tzovara","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tzovara, A. et al. Progression of auditory discrimination based on neural decoding predicts awakening from coma. Brain 136, 81\u201389 (2013).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"BFsrep33167_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1958.8.3.271","volume":"8","author":"R R","year":"1958","unstructured":"R, R. Validity of the Trail Making test as an indicator of organic brain damage. Percept. Mot. Ski. 8, 271\u2013276 (1958).","journal-title":"Percept. Mot. Ski."},{"key":"BFsrep33167_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4679(199808)54:5<585::AID-JCLP4>3.0.CO;2-K","volume":"54","author":"SF Crowe","year":"1998","unstructured":"Crowe, S. F. The differential contribution of mental tracking, cognitive flexibility, visual search, and motor speed to performance on parts A and B of the Trail Making Test. J. Clin. Psychol. 54, 585\u2013591 (1998).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"BFsrep33167_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2010.01114.x","volume":"48","author":"R N\u00e4\u00e4t\u00e4nen","year":"2011","unstructured":"N\u00e4\u00e4t\u00e4nen, R., Kujala, T. & Winkler, I. Auditory processing that leads to conscious perception: a unique window to central auditory processing opened by the mismatch negativity and related responses. Psychophysiology 48, 4\u201322 (2011).","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep33167.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep33167","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep33167.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]],"date-time":"2023-01-05T00:37:54Z","timestamp":1672879074000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep33167"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,12]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,16]]}},"alternative-id":["BFsrep33167"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep33167","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 April 2016","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 August 2016","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 September 2016","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing financial interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"33167"}}