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Because many respiratory pathogens secrete toxins to impair mucociliary immunity, we examined the effects of acute exposure to aflatoxins on airway cell physiology. Using air-liquid interface cultures of primary human sinonasal and bronchial cells, we imaged ciliary beat frequency (CBF), intracellular calcium, and nitric oxide (NO). Exposure to aflatoxins (0.1 to 10\u2009\u03bcM; 5 to 10\u2009minutes) reduced baseline (~6\u201312%) and agonist-stimulated CBF. Conditioned media (CM) from<jats:italic>A. fumigatus<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>A. niger<\/jats:italic>, and<jats:italic>A. flavus<\/jats:italic>cultures also reduced CBF by ~10% after 60\u2009min exposure, but effects were blocked by an anti-aflatoxin antibody only with<jats:italic>A. flavus<\/jats:italic>CM. CBF reduction required protein kinase C but was not associated with changes in calcium or NO. However, AFB<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>reduced NO production by ~50% during stimulation of the ciliary-localized T2R38 receptor. Using a fluorescent reporter construct expressed in A549 cells, we directly observed activation of PKC activity by AFB<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>. Aflatoxins secreted by respiratory<jats:italic>A. flavus<\/jats:italic>may impair motile and chemosensory functions of airway cilia, contributing to pathogenesis of fungal airway diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/srep33221","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,14]],"date-time":"2016-09-14T07:28:28Z","timestamp":1473838108000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Fungal Aflatoxins Reduce Respiratory Mucosal Ciliary Function"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Robert J.","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan D.","family":"Workman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan M.","family":"Carey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phillip L.","family":"Rosen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurel","family":"Doghramji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nithin D.","family":"Adappa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James N.","family":"Palmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David W.","family":"Kennedy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noam A.","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFsrep33221_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iac.2009.07.004","volume":"29","author":"MB Antunes","year":"2009","unstructured":"Antunes, M. 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