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Altered expression levels of the human mitochondrial Lon protease (<jats:italic>h<\/jats:italic>Lon) are linked to serious diseases including myopathies, paraplegia, and cancer. Here, we present the first 3D structure of full-length<jats:italic>h<\/jats:italic>Lon using cryo-electron microscopy.<jats:italic>h<\/jats:italic>Lon has a unique three-dimensional structure, in which the proteolytic and ATP-binding domains (AP-domain) form a hexameric chamber, while the N-terminal domain is arranged as a trimer of dimers. These two domains are linked by a narrow trimeric channel composed likely of coiled-coil helices. In the presence of AMP-PNP, the AP-domain has a closed-ring conformation and its N-terminal entry gate appears closed, but in ADP binding, it switches to a lock-washer conformation and its N-terminal gate opens, which is accompanied by a rearrangement of the N-terminal domain. We have also found that both the enzymatic activities and the 3D structure of a<jats:italic>h<\/jats:italic>Lon mutant lacking the first 156 amino acids are severely disturbed, showing that<jats:italic>h<\/jats:italic>Lon\u2019s N-terminal domains are crucial for the overall structure of the<jats:italic>h<\/jats:italic>Lon, maintaining a conformation allowing its proper functioning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/srep33631","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,16]],"date-time":"2016-09-16T09:29:08Z","timestamp":1474018148000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["The N-terminal domain plays a crucial role in the structure of a full-length human mitochondrial Lon protease"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Sami","family":"Kere\u00efche","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lubom\u00edr","family":"Kov\u00e1\u010dik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Bedn\u00e1r","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vladim\u00edr","family":"Pevala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nina","family":"Kunov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Ondrovi\u010dov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacob","family":"Bauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u013dubo\u0161","family":"Ambro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jana","family":"Bellov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Kutejov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ivan","family":"Ra\u0161ka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFsrep33631_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1815","DOI":"10.1110\/ps.052069306","volume":"15","author":"TV Rotanova","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rotanova, T. 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