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The long-term consequences of this exposure on the developing fetus are largely unknown, although in animal models we have found adverse effects on cardiac function. To assess if these effects are transmitted transgenerationally, we exposed pregnant mice to caffeine equivalent to 2\u20134 cups of coffee at two embryonic stages. Embryos (F1 generation) exposed to caffeine early from embryonic (E) day 6.5\u20139.5 developed a phenotype similar to dilated cardiomyopathy by 1 year of age. Embryos exposed to caffeine later (E10.5\u201313.5) were not affected. We next examined the F2 generation and F3 generation of mice exposed to caffeine from E10.5\u201313.5, as this coincides with germ cell development. These F2 generation adult mice developed a cardiac phenotype similar to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The F3 generation exhibited morphological changes in adult hearts, including increased mass. This report shows that<jats:italic>in utero<\/jats:italic>caffeine exposure has long-term effects into adulthood and that prenatal caffeine exposure can exert adverse transgenerational effects on adult cardiac function.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/srep34106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,28]],"date-time":"2016-09-28T09:45:36Z","timestamp":1475055936000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["In Utero Caffeine Exposure Induces Transgenerational Effects on the Adult Heart"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Xiefan","family":"Fang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan R.","family":"Poulsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott A.","family":"Rivkees","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher C.","family":"Wendler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFsrep34106_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0b013e32835e8d9c","volume":"16","author":"I Cetin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cetin, I., Mando, C. & Calabrese, S. 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