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Here, we demonstrate NETs formation in human onchocerciasis. Extracellular NETs and neutrophils were visualised around <jats:italic>O. volvulus<\/jats:italic> in nodules excised from untreated patients but not in nodules from patients treated with the anti-<jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic> drug, doxycycline. Whole <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic> or microspheres coated with a synthetic <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic> lipopeptide (<jats:italic>Wo<\/jats:italic>LP) of the major nematode <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic> TLR2\/6 ligand, peptidoglycan associated lipoprotein, induced NETosis in human neutrophils <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>. TLR6 dependency of <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Wo<\/jats:italic>LP NETosis was demonstrated using purified neutrophils from TLR6 deficient mice. Thus, we demonstrate for the first time that NETosis occurs during natural human helminth infection and demonstrate a mechanism of NETosis induction via <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic> endobacteria and direct ligation of <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic> lipoprotein by neutrophil TLR2\/6.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/srep35559","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,18]],"date-time":"2016-10-18T10:13:12Z","timestamp":1476785592000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Wolbachia endosymbionts induce neutrophil extracellular trap formation in human onchocerciasis"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Francesca","family":"Tamarozzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph D.","family":"Turner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Pionnier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Midgley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana F.","family":"Guimaraes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly L.","family":"Johnston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven W.","family":"Edwards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark J.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFsrep35559_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e371","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0030371","volume":"3","author":"MG Basanez","year":"2006","unstructured":"Basanez, M. 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