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We performed herein a systematic analysis on the physicochemical properties, disaccharide composition,<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>anticoagulant potency and<jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>antithrombotic and bleeding effects of several batches of pharmaceutical grade heparins obtained from porcine intestine, bovine intestine and bovine lung. Each of these three heparin types unambiguously presented differences in their chemical structures, physicochemical properties and\/or haemostatic effects. We also prepared derivatives of these heparins with similar molecular weight differing exclusively in their disaccharide composition. The derivatives from porcine intestinal and bovine lung heparins were structurally more similar with each other and hence presented close anticoagulant activities whereas the derivative from bovine intestinal heparin had a higher proportion of 6-desulfated \u03b1-glucosamine units and about half anticoagulant activity. Our findings reasonably indicate that pharmaceutical preparations of heparin from different animal sources constitute distinct drugs, thus requiring specific regulatory rules and therapeutic evaluations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/srep35619","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,18]],"date-time":"2016-10-18T09:24:06Z","timestamp":1476782646000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Structural and haemostatic features of pharmaceutical heparins from different animal sources: challenges to define thresholds separating distinct drugs"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Ana M. F.","family":"Tovar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gustavo R. 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