{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T21:40:10Z","timestamp":1790286010633,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,24]],"date-time":"2016-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1477267200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,24]],"date-time":"2016-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1477267200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although previous studies have confirmed that 23S rRNA gene mutation could be responsible for most of macrolide resistance in <jats:italic>M. catarrhalis<\/jats:italic>, a recent study suggested otherwise. Next generation sequence based comparative genomics has revolutionized the mining of potential novel drug resistant mechanisms. In this study, two pairs of resistant and susceptible <jats:italic>M. catarrhalis<\/jats:italic> isolates with different multilocus sequence types, were investigated for potential differential genes or informative single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The identified genes and SNPs were evaluated in 188 clinical isolates. From initially 12 selected differential genes and 12 informative SNPs, 10 differential genes (<jats:italic>mboIA<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>mcbC<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>mcbI<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>mboIB<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>MCR_1794<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>MCR_1795<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>lgt2B\/C<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>dpnI<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>mcbB<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>mcbA<\/jats:italic>) and 6 SNPs (C619T of <jats:italic>rumA<\/jats:italic>, T140C of <jats:italic>rplF<\/jats:italic>, G643A of <jats:italic>MCR_0020<\/jats:italic>, T270G of <jats:italic>MCR_1465<\/jats:italic>, C1348A of <jats:italic>copB<\/jats:italic>, and G238A of <jats:italic>rrmA<\/jats:italic>) were identified as possibly linked to macrolide resistance in <jats:italic>M. catarrhalis<\/jats:italic>. Most of the identified differential genes and SNPs are related to methylation of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) or DNA, especially <jats:italic>MCR_0020<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>rrmA.<\/jats:italic> Further studies are needed to determine the function and\/or evolution process, of the identified genes or SNPs, to establish whether some novel or combined mechanisms are truly involved in <jats:italic>M. catarrhalis<\/jats:italic> macrolide resistance mechanism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/srep35711","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,24]],"date-time":"2016-10-24T09:51:00Z","timestamp":1477302660000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Use of next generation sequence to investigate potential novel macrolide resistance mechanisms in a population of Moraxella catarrhalis isolates"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Ya-Li","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong-Fang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"He-Ping","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meng","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing-Wei","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhi-Peng","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin-Xin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ge","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy","family":"Kudinha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fanrong","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan-Ping","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin-Ying","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yin-Xin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong-Long","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying-Chun","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFsrep35711_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/169.6.1312","volume":"169","author":"H Faden","year":"1994","unstructured":"Faden, H., Harabuchi, Y. & Hong, J. J. Epidemiology of Moraxella catarrhalis in children during the first 2 years of life: relationship to otitis media. J Infect Dis 169, 1312\u20131317 (1994).","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"BFsrep35711_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200412-1747OC","volume":"172","author":"TF Murphy","year":"2005","unstructured":"Murphy, T. F., Brauer, A. L., Grant, B. J. & Sethi, S. Moraxella catarrhalis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: burden of disease and immune response. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 172, 195\u2013199 (2005).","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"BFsrep35711_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-199651040-00002","volume":"51","author":"DR Guay","year":"1996","unstructured":"Guay, D. R. Macrolide antibiotics in paediatric infectious diseases. Drugs 51, 515\u2013536 (1996).","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"BFsrep35711_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.43.2.385","volume":"43","author":"GV Doern","year":"1999","unstructured":"Doern, G. V., Jones, R. N., Pfaller, M. A. & Kugler, K. Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis from patients with community-acquired respiratory tract infections: antimicrobial susceptibility patterns from the SENTRY antimicrobial Surveillance Program (United States and Canada, 1997). Antimicrob Agents Chemother 43, 385\u2013389 (1999).","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"BFsrep35711_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2080","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.37.10.2080","volume":"37","author":"RJ Fass","year":"1993","unstructured":"Fass, R. J. Erythromycin, clarithromycin, and azithromycin: use of frequency distribution curves, scattergrams, and regression analyses to compare in vitro ctivities and describe cross-resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 37, 2080\u20132086 (1993).","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"BFsrep35711_CR6","first-page":"44","volume":"7","author":"C Mendes","year":"2003","unstructured":"Mendes, C., Marin, M. E., Quinones, F., Sifuentes-Osornio, J., Siller, C. C., Castanheira, M., Zoccoli, C. M., Lopez, H., Sucari, A., Rossi, F., Angulo, G. B., Segura, A. J., Starling, C., Mimica, I. & Felmingham, D. Antibacterial resistance of community-acquired respiratory tract pathogens recovered from patients in Latin America: results from the PROTEKT surveillance study (1999\u20132000). Braz J Infect Dis 7, 44\u201361 (2003).","journal-title":"Braz J Infect Dis"},{"key":"BFsrep35711_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.39.1.238","volume":"39","author":"AL Barry","year":"1995","unstructured":"Barry, A. L. & Fuchs, P. C. In vitro activities of a streptogramin (RP59500), three macrolides, and an azalide against four respiratory tract pathogens. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 39, 238\u2013240 (1995).","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"BFsrep35711_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2012.06.007","volume":"74","author":"RK Flamm","year":"2012","unstructured":"Flamm, R. K., Sader, H. S., Farrell, D. J. & Jones, R. N. Macrolide and tetracycline resistance among Moraxella catarrhalis isolates from 2009 to 2011. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 74, 198\u2013200 (2012).","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"BFsrep35711_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/41.2.207","volume":"41","author":"MP Richard","year":"1998","unstructured":"Richard, M. P., Aguado, A. G., Mattina, R. & Marre, R. Sensitivity to sparfloxacin and other antibiotics, of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis strains isolated from adult patients with community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections: a European multicentre study. SPAR Study Group. Surveillance Programme of Antibiotic Resistance. J Antimicrob Chemother 41, 207\u2013214 (1998).","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"BFsrep35711_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2011.0175","volume":"18","author":"YL Liu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Liu, Y. L. et al. High prevalence and molecular analysis of macrolide-nonsusceptible Moraxella catarrhalis isolated from nasopharynx of healthy children in China. Microb Drug Resist 18, 417\u2013426 (2012).","journal-title":"Microb Drug Resist"},{"key":"BFsrep35711_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.046706-0","volume":"61","author":"R Saito","year":"2012","unstructured":"Saito, R., Nonaka, S., Nishiyama, H. & Okamura, N. Molecular mechanism of macrolide-lincosamide resistance in Moraxella catarrhalis. J Med Microbiol 61, 1435\u20131438 (2012).","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"BFsrep35711_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiac.2014.11.002","volume":"21","author":"S Iwata","year":"2015","unstructured":"Iwata, S., Sato, Y., Toyonaga, Y., Hanaki, H. & Sunakawa, K. Genetic analysis of a pediatric clinical isolate of Moraxella catarrhalis with resistance to macrolides and quinolones. J Infect Chemother 21, 308\u2013311 (2015).","journal-title":"J Infect Chemother"},{"key":"BFsrep35711_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2014.0217","volume":"21","author":"YL Liu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Liu, Y. L. et al. High-Level Macrolide-Resistant Moraxella catarrhalis and Development of an Allele-Specific PCR Assay for Detection of 23S rRNA Gene A2330T Mutation: A Three-Year Study at a Chinese Tertiary Hospital. Microb Drug Resist 21, 507\u2013511 (2015).","journal-title":"Microb Drug Resist"},{"key":"BFsrep35711_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.000076","volume":"64","author":"A Kasai","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kasai, A. et al. Prevalence and molecular analysis of macrolide-resistant Moraxella catarrhalis clinical isolates in Japan, following emergence of the highly macrolide-resistant strain NSH1 in 2011. J Med Microbiol 64, 708\u2013713 (2015).","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"BFsrep35711_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2005.01094.x","volume":"11","author":"C Neeleman","year":"2005","unstructured":"Neeleman, C., De Valk, J. A., Klaassen, C. H., Meijers, S. & Mouton, J. W. In-vitro susceptibility and molecular characterisation of macrolide resistance mechanisms among Streptococcus pneumonia isolates in The Netherlands: the DUEL 2 study. Clin Microbiol Infect 11, 312\u2013318 (2005).","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"BFsrep35711_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.20976","volume":"44","author":"X Liu","year":"2009","unstructured":"Liu, X. et al. High macrolide resistance in Streptococcus pyogenes strains isolated from children with pharyngitis in China. Pediatr Pulmonol 44, 436\u2013441 (2009).","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"key":"BFsrep35711_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkm273","volume":"60","author":"AK Wierzbowski","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wierzbowski, A. K. et al. Macrolide resistance mechanisms among Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated over 6 years of Canadian Respiratory Organism Susceptibility Study (CROSS) (1998\u20132004). J Antimicrob Chemother 60, 733\u2013740 (2007).","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"BFsrep35711_CR18","unstructured":"[CLSI] Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Anti-microbial susceptibility testing of fastidious or infrequently isolated organisms; Approved guideline-second edition. CLSI document M45-A2. Wayne, PA, 2010."},{"key":"BFsrep35711_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.6122607","volume":"17","author":"T Wirth","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wirth, T. et al. The rise and spread of a new pathogen: seroresistant Moraxella catarrhalis. Genome Research 17, 1647\u20131656 (2007).","journal-title":"Genome Research"},{"key":"BFsrep35711_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3574","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00121-10","volume":"192","author":"SP de Vries","year":"2010","unstructured":"de Vries, S. P. et al. Genome analysis of Moraxella catarrhalis strain BBH18, [corrected] a human respiratory tract pathogen. J Bacteriol 192, 3574\u20133583 (2010).","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"BFsrep35711_CR21","first-page":"70","volume":"12","author":"JJ Davie","year":"2011","unstructured":"Davie, J. J. et al. Comparative analysis and supragenome modeling of twelve Moraxella catarrhalis clinical isolates. BMC Genomics 12, 70 (2011).","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"key":"BFsrep35711_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5905","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0500923102","volume":"102","author":"RJ Roberts","year":"2005","unstructured":"Roberts, R. J. How restriction enzymes became the workhorses of molecular biology. Proc Natl Acad Sci 102, 5905\u20135908 (2005).","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"BFsrep35711_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3705","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/29.18.3705","volume":"29","author":"A Pingoud","year":"2001","unstructured":"Pingoud, A. & Jeltsch, A. Structure and function of type II restriction endonucleases. Nucleic Acids Res 29, 3705\u20133727 (2001).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"BFsrep35711_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3469","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkh685","volume":"32","author":"DM Gowers","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gowers, D. M., Bellamy, S. R. & Halford, S. E. One recognition sequence, seven restriction enzymes, five reaction mechanisms. Nucleic Acids Res 32, 3469\u20133479 (2004).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"BFsrep35711_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.biochem.72.121801.161447","volume":"72","author":"GL Verdine","year":"2003","unstructured":"Verdine, G. L. & Norman, D. P. Covalent trapping of protein-DNA complexes. Annu Rev Biochem 72, 337\u2013366 (2003).","journal-title":"Annu Rev Biochem"},{"key":"BFsrep35711_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(94)90342-5","volume":"76","author":"S Klimasauskas","year":"1994","unstructured":"Klimasauskas, S., Kumar, S., Roberts, R. J. & Cheng, X. HhaI methyltransferase flips its target base out of the DNA helix. Cell 76, 357\u2013369 (1994).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"BFsrep35711_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(95)90060-8","volume":"82","author":"KM Reinisch","year":"1995","unstructured":"Reinisch, K. M., Chen, L., Verdine, G. L. & Lipscomb, W. N. The crystal structure of HaeIII methyltransferase covalently complexed to DNA: an extra-helical cytosine and rearranged base pairing. Cell 82, 143\u2013153 (1995).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"BFsrep35711_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1214453","volume":"335","author":"J Song","year":"2012","unstructured":"Song, J., Teplova, M., Ishibe-Murakami, S. & Patel, D. J. Structure-based mechanistic insights into DNMT1-mediated maintenance DNA methylation. Science 335, 709\u2013712 (2012).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFsrep35711_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2939","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.187.9.2939-2947.2005","volume":"187","author":"KJ Edwards","year":"2005","unstructured":"Edwards, K. J., Allen, S., Gibson, B. W. & Campagnari, A. A. Characterization of a cluster of three glycosyltransferase enzymes essential for Moraxella catarrhalis lipo-oligosaccharide assembly. J Bacteriol 187, 2939\u20132947 (2005).","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"BFsrep35711_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2024","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-4658.2007.05746.x","volume":"274","author":"IR Peak","year":"2007","unstructured":"Peak, I. R. et al. Towards understanding the functional role of the glycosyltransferases involved in the biosynthesis of Moraxella catarrhalis lipo-oligosaccharide. FEBS J 274, 2024\u20132037 (2007).","journal-title":"FEBS J"},{"key":"BFsrep35711_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4251","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01570-07","volume":"76","author":"S Yu","year":"2008","unstructured":"Yu, S., Xie, H., Datta, A., Naidu, N. & Gu, X. X. Galactose residues on the lipooligosaccharide of Moraxella catarrhalis 26404 form the epitope recognized by the bactericidal antiserum from conjugate vaccination. Infect Immun 76, 4251\u20134258 (2008).","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"BFsrep35711_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6139","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.12.6139-6143.2005","volume":"43","author":"KJ Edwards","year":"2005","unstructured":"Edwards, K. J., Schwingel, J. M., Datta, A. K. & Campagnari, A. A. Multiplex PCR assay that identifies the major lipo-oligosaccharide serotype expressed by Moraxella catarrhalis clinical isolates. J Clin Microbiol 43, 6139\u20136143 (2005).","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"BFsrep35711_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4251","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01570-07","volume":"76","author":"S Yu","year":"2008","unstructured":"Yu, S., Xie, H., Datta, A., Naidu, N. & Gu, X. X. Galactose residues on the lipooligosaccharide of Moraxella catarrhalis 26404 form the epitope recognized by the bactericidal antiserum from conjugate vaccination. Infect Immun 76, 4251\u20134258 (2008).","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"BFsrep35711_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2836(77)90289-3","volume":"114","author":"S Lacks","year":"1997","unstructured":"Lacks, S. & Greenberg, B. Complementary specificity of restriction endonucleases of Diplococcus pneumoniae with respect to DNA methylation. J Mol Biol 114, 153\u2013168 (1997).","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"key":"BFsrep35711_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)34217-5","volume":"254","author":"GE Geier","year":"1979","unstructured":"Geier, G. E. & Modrich, P. Recognition sequence of the dam methylase of Escherichia coli K12 and mode of cleavage of Dpn I endonuclease. J Biol Chem 254, 1408\u20131413 (1979).","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"BFsrep35711_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"r165","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/13.suppl.r165","volume":"13","author":"RJ Roberts","year":"1985","unstructured":"Roberts, R. J. Restriction and modification enzymes and their recognition sequences. Nucleic Acids Res 13, r165\u2013r200 (1985).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"BFsrep35711_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4243","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00199-07","volume":"73","author":"FF Vale","year":"2007","unstructured":"Vale, F. F. & V\u00edtor, J. M. Genomic methylation: a tool for typing Helicobacter pylori isolates. Appl Environ Microbiol 73, 4243\u20134249 (2007).","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"BFsrep35711_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-9-207","volume":"9","author":"AS Attia","year":"2009","unstructured":"Attia, A. S. et al. Identification of a bacteriocin and its cognate immunity factor expressed by Moraxella catarrhalis. BMC Microbiol 9, 207 (2009).","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"key":"BFsrep35711_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1038\/nsmb.1408","volume":"15","author":"Z Xu","year":"2008","unstructured":"Xu, Z., O\u2019Farrell, H. C., Rife, J. P. & Culver, G. M. A conserved rRNA methyltransferase regulates ribosome biogenesis. Nat Struct Mol Biol 15, 534\u2013536 (2008).","journal-title":"Nat Struct Mol Biol"},{"key":"BFsrep35711_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-0004(02)02109-6","volume":"27","author":"WA Decatur","year":"2002","unstructured":"Decatur, W. A. & Fournier, M. J. rRNA modifications and ribosome function. Trends Biochem Sci 27, 344\u2013351 (2002).","journal-title":"Trends Biochem Sci"},{"key":"BFsrep35711_CR41","unstructured":"Conn, G. L., Savic, M. & Macmaster, R. In DNA and RNA Modification Enzymes: Comparative Structure, Mechanism, Functions, Cellular Interactions and Evolution ( Grosjean, H., ed.) Landes Bioscience, Austin, TX (2009)."},{"key":"BFsrep35711_CR42","unstructured":"Long, K. S. & Vester, B. In DNA and RNA Modification Enzymes: Comparative Structure, Mechanism, Functions, Cellular Interactions and Evolution ( Grosjean, H., ed.) Landes Bioscience, Austin, TX (2009)."},{"key":"BFsrep35711_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-0004(03)00090-2","volume":"28","author":"HL Schubert","year":"2003","unstructured":"Schubert, H. L., Blumenthal, R. M. & Cheng, X. Many paths to methyltransfer: a chronicle of convergence. Trends Biochem Sci 28, 329\u2013335 (2003).","journal-title":"Trends Biochem Sci"},{"key":"BFsrep35711_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1086\/518605","volume":"45","author":"Y Doi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Doi, Y. & Arakawa, Y. 16S ribosomal RNA methylation: emerging resistance mechanism against aminoglycosides. Clin Infect Dis 45, 88\u201394 (2007).","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"BFsrep35711_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.2174\/1568026033452159","volume":"3","author":"M Gaynor","year":"2003","unstructured":"Gaynor, M. & Mankin, A. S. Macrolide antibiotics: binding site, mechanism of action, resistance. Curr Top Med Chem 3, 949\u2013961 (2003).","journal-title":"Curr Top Med Chem"},{"key":"BFsrep35711_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2007.06.068","volume":"372","author":"I Lebars","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lebars, I., Husson, C., Yoshizawa, S., Douthwaite, S. & Fourmy, D. Recognition elements in rRNA for the tylosin resistance methyltransferase RlmA(II). J Mol Biol 372, 525\u2013534 (2007).","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"key":"BFsrep35711_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1006\/jmbi.2001.4836","volume":"310","author":"LH Hansen","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hansen, L. H., Kirpekar, F. & Douthwaite, S. Recognition of nucleotide G745 in 23 S ribosomal RNA by the rrmA methyltransferase. J Mol Biol 310, 1001\u20131010 (2001).","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep35711.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep35711","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep35711.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]],"date-time":"2023-01-05T01:57:05Z","timestamp":1672883825000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep35711"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,24]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,21]]}},"alternative-id":["BFsrep35711"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep35711","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 June 2016","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 October 2016","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 October 2016","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing financial interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"35711"}}