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Shifts in microbiota have been associated with many inflammatory diseases, though little is known about how resident microbes may contribute to chronic laryngitis. We sought to characterize the core microbiota of disease-free human laryngeal tissue and to investigate shifts in microbial community membership associated with exposure to cigarette smoke and reflux. Using 454 pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA gene, we compared bacterial communities of laryngeal tissue biopsies collected from 97 non-treatment-seeking volunteers based on reflux and smoking status. The core community was characterized by a highly abundant OTU within the family Comamonadaceae found in all laryngeal tissues. Smokers demonstrated less microbial diversity than nonsmokers, with differences in relative abundances of OTUs classified as <jats:italic>Streptococcus<\/jats:italic>, unclassified Comamonadaceae, <jats:italic>Cloacibacterium<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Helicobacter<\/jats:italic>. Reflux status did not affect microbial diversity nor community structure nor composition. Comparison of healthy laryngeal microbial communities to benign vocal fold disease samples revealed greater abundance of <jats:italic>Streptococcus<\/jats:italic> in benign vocal fold disease suggesting that mucosal dominance by <jats:italic>Streptococcus<\/jats:italic> may be a factor in disease etiology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/srep35882","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,24]],"date-time":"2016-10-24T09:45:28Z","timestamp":1477302328000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["The human laryngeal microbiome: effects of cigarette smoke and reflux"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Marie E.","family":"Jett\u00e9","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimberly A.","family":"Dill-McFarland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alissa S.","family":"Hanshew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Garret","family":"Suen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan L.","family":"Thibeault","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFsrep35882_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2359","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.24740","volume":"124","author":"N Bhattacharyya","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bhattacharyya, N. 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