{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T17:50:57Z","timestamp":1791309057410,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,26]],"date-time":"2016-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1477440000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,26]],"date-time":"2016-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1477440000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Secondary inorganic aerosols (SIA) are the predominant components of fine particulate matter (PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>) and have significant impacts on air quality, human health, and climate change. In this study, the Community Multiscale Air Quality modeling system (CMAQ) was modified to incorporate SO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>heterogeneous reactions on the surface of dust particles. The revised model was then used to simulate the spatiotemporal characteristics of SIA over China and analyze the impacts of meteorological factors and dust on SIA formation. Including the effects of dust improved model performance for the simulation of SIA concentrations, particularly for sulfate. The simulated annual SIA concentration in China was approximately 10.1\u2009\u03bcg\/m<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>on domain average, with strong seasonal variation: highest in winter and lowest in summer. High SIA concentrations were concentrated in developed regions with high precursor emissions, such as the North China Plain, Yangtze River Delta, Sichuan Basin, and Pearl River Delta. Strong correlations between meteorological factors and SIA pollution levels suggested that heterogeneous reactions under high humidity played an important role on SIA formation, particularly during severe haze pollution periods. Acting as surfaces for heterogeneous reactions, dust particles significantly affected sulfate formation, suggesting the importance of reducing dust emissions for controlling SIA and PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>pollution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/srep35992","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,26]],"date-time":"2016-10-26T09:34:32Z","timestamp":1477474472000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":84,"title":["Modeling analysis of secondary inorganic aerosols over China: pollution characteristics, and meteorological and dust impacts"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Xiao","family":"Fu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuxiao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xing","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siyi","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiming","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFsrep35992_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1080\/10962247.2012.701193","volume":"62","author":"J-J Cao","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cao, J.-J. et al. Winter and Summer PM2.5 Chemical Compositions in Fourteen Chinese Cities. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 62, 1214\u20131226, 10.1080\/10962247.2012.701193 (2012).","journal-title":"Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association"},{"key":"BFsrep35992_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5207","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-11-5207-2011","volume":"11","author":"F Yang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Yang, F. et al. Characteristics of PM2.5 speciation in representative megacities and across China. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11, 5207\u20135219, 10.5194\/acp-11-5207-2011 (2011).","journal-title":"Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics"},{"key":"BFsrep35992_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2969","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-15-2969-2015","volume":"15","author":"GJ Zheng","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zheng, G. J. et al. Exploring the severe winter haze in Beijing: the impact of synoptic weather, regional transport and heterogeneous reactions. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15, 2969\u20132983, 10.5194\/acp-15-2969-2015 (2015).","journal-title":"Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics"},{"key":"BFsrep35992_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1007\/s00376-009-9032-4","volume":"26","author":"W Chang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chang, W., Liao, H. & Wang, H. Climate Responses to Direct Radiative Forcing of Anthropogenic Aerosols, Tropospheric Ozone, and Long-Lived Greenhouse Gases in Eastern China over 1951\u20132000. Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 26, 748\u2013762, 10.1007\/s00376-009-9032-4 (2009).","journal-title":"Advances in Atmospheric Sciences"},{"key":"BFsrep35992_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1097\/ede.0000000000000297","volume":"26","author":"F Dominici","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dominici, F. et al. Chemical Composition of Fine Particulate Matter and Life Expectancy In 95 US Counties Between 2002 and 2007. Epidemiology 26, 556\u2013564, 10.1097\/ede.0000000000000297 (2015).","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"BFsrep35992_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwr342","volume":"175","author":"W Huang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Huang, W. et al. Seasonal Variation of Chemical Species Associated With Short-Term Mortality Effects of PM2.5 in Xi\u2019an, a Central City in China. Am. J. Epidemiol. 175, 556\u2013566, 10.1093\/aje\/kwr342 (2012).","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"BFsrep35992_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2009.05.016","volume":"94","author":"J-H Tan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tan, J.-H. et al. Chemical characteristics of haze during summer and winter in Guangzhou. Atmospheric Research 94, 238\u2013245, 10.1016\/j.atmosres.2009.05.016 (2009).","journal-title":"Atmospheric Research"},{"key":"BFsrep35992_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McKeen, S. et al. Evaluation of several PM2.5 forecast models using data collected during the ICARTT\/NEAQS 2004 field study. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres 112, 10.1029\/2006jd007608 (2007).","DOI":"10.1029\/2006JD007608"},{"issue":"D3","key":"BFsrep35992_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"n\/a-n\/a","DOI":"10.1029\/2011JD016302","volume":"117","author":"Paolo Tuccella","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tuccella, P. et al. Modeling of gas and aerosol with WRF\/Chem over Europe: Evaluation and sensitivity study. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres 117, 10.1029\/2011jd016302 (2012).","journal-title":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres"},{"key":"BFsrep35992_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2011.08.054","volume":"45","author":"S Wang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wang, S. et al. Verification of anthropogenic emissions of China by satellite and ground observations. Atmospheric Environment 45, 6347\u20136358, 10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2011.08.054 (2011).","journal-title":"Atmospheric Environment"},{"key":"BFsrep35992_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2723","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-15-2723-2015","volume":"15","author":"J Xing","year":"2015","unstructured":"Xing, J. et al. Observations and modeling of air quality trends over 1990\u20132010 across the Northern Hemisphere: China, the United States and Europe. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15, 2723\u20132747, 10.5194\/acp-15-2723-2015 (2015).","journal-title":"Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics"},{"key":"BFsrep35992_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1021\/cr00033a006","volume":"95","author":"C Brandt","year":"1995","unstructured":"Brandt, C. & Vaneldik, R. Transition-metal-catalyzed oxidation of sulfur(IV) oxides - atmospheric-relevant processes and mechanisms. Chemical Reviews 95, 119\u2013190, 10.1021\/cr00033a006 (1995).","journal-title":"Chemical Reviews"},{"key":"BFsrep35992_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1230911","volume":"340","author":"E Harris","year":"2013","unstructured":"Harris, E. et al. Enhanced Role of Transition Metal Ion Catalysis During In-Cloud Oxidation of SO2. Science 340, 727\u2013730, 10.1126\/science.1230911 (2013).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFsrep35992_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2679","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-5-2679-2005","volume":"5","author":"JW Adams","year":"2005","unstructured":"Adams, J. W., Rodriguez, D. & Cox, R. A. The uptake of SO2 on Saharan dust: a flow tube study. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 5, 2679\u20132689 (2005).","journal-title":"Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics"},{"key":"BFsrep35992_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/s11426-006-0273-0","volume":"49","author":"YC Gao","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gao, Y. C. & Chen, D. Heterogeneous reactions of sulfur dioxide on dust. Science in China Series B-Chemistry 49, 273\u2013280, 10.1007\/s11426-006-0273-0 (2006).","journal-title":"Science in China Series B-Chemistry"},{"key":"BFsrep35992_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Usher, C. R., Al-Hosney, H., Carlos-Cuellar, S. & Grassian, V. H. A laboratory study of the heterogeneous uptake and oxidation of sulfur dioxide on mineral dust particles. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres 107, 471310.1029\/2002jd002051 (2002).","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JD002051"},{"key":"BFsrep35992_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2015.11.039","volume":"126","author":"AM Backes","year":"2016","unstructured":"Backes, A. M., Aulinger, A., Bieser, J., Matthias, V. & Quante, M. Ammonia emissions in Europe, part II: How ammonia emission abatement strategies affect secondary aerosols. Atmospheric Environment 126, 153\u2013161, 10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2015.11.039 (2016).","journal-title":"Atmospheric Environment"},{"key":"BFsrep35992_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apr.2015.09.009","volume":"7","author":"X Han","year":"2016","unstructured":"Han, X., Zhang, M. G., Zhu, L. Y. & Skorokhod, A. Assessment of the impact of emissions reductions on air quality over North China Plain. Atmospheric Pollution Research 7, 249\u2013259, 10.1016\/j.apr.2015.09.009 (2016).","journal-title":"Atmospheric Pollution Research"},{"key":"BFsrep35992_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2016.01.036","volume":"131","author":"S Sharma","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sharma, S., Chatani, S., Mahtta, R., Goel, A. & Kumar, A. Sensitivity analysis of ground level ozone in India using WRF-CMAQ models. Atmospheric Environment 131, 29\u201340, 10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2016.01.036 (2016).","journal-title":"Atmospheric Environment"},{"key":"BFsrep35992_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-14-1239-2014","volume":"14","author":"X Fu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fu, X. et al. Source, transport and impacts of a heavy dust event in the Yangtze River Delta, China, in 2011. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14, 1239\u20131254, 10.5194\/acp-14-1239-2014 (2014).","journal-title":"Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics"},{"key":"BFsrep35992_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2015.08.007","volume":"167","author":"S Lai","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lai, S. et al. Characterization of PM2.5 and the major chemical components during a 1-year campaign in rural Guangzhou, Southern China. Atmospheric Research 167, 208\u2013215, 10.1016\/j.atmosres.2015.08.007 (2016).","journal-title":"Atmospheric Research"},{"key":"BFsrep35992_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2015.04.099","volume":"112","author":"HL Wang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wang, H. L. et al. Chemical composition of PM2.5 and meteorological impact among three years in urban Shanghai, China. Journal of Cleaner Production 112, 1302\u20131311, 10.1016\/j.jclepro.2015.04.099 (2016).","journal-title":"Journal of Cleaner Production"},{"key":"BFsrep35992_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2012.09.029","volume":"63","author":"X Wang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wang, X. et al. The secondary formation of inorganic aerosols in the droplet mode through heterogeneous aqueous reactions under haze conditions. Atmospheric Environment 63, 68\u201376, 10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2012.09.029 (2012).","journal-title":"Atmospheric Environment"},{"key":"BFsrep35992_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, H. et al. Mineral dust and NOx promote the conversion of SO2 to sulfate in heavy pollution days. Scientific Reports 4, 10.1038\/srep04172 (2014).","DOI":"10.1038\/srep04172"},{"key":"BFsrep35992_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1021\/es4048472","volume":"48","author":"C Cao","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cao, C. et al. Inhalable Microorganisms in Beijing\u2019s PM2.5 and PM10 Pollutants during a Severe Smog Event. Environmental Science & Technology 48, 1499\u20131507, 10.1021\/es4048472 (2014).","journal-title":"Environmental Science & Technology"},{"key":"BFsrep35992_CR26","unstructured":"Wei, C. Modeling the effects of heterogeneous reactions on atmospheric chemistry and aerosol properties Doctor thesis, University of Iowa, (2010)."},{"key":"BFsrep35992_CR27","volume":"9","author":"JD Wang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wang, J. D. et al. Impact of aerosol-meteorology interactions on fine particle pollution during China\u2019s severe haze episode in January 2013. Environmental Research Letters 9, 10.1088\/1748-9326\/9\/9\/094002 (2014).","journal-title":"Environmental Research Letters"},{"key":"BFsrep35992_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2013.06.019","volume":"77","author":"Y Sun","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sun, Y. et al. The impact of relative humidity on aerosol composition and evolution processes during wintertime in Beijing, China. Atmospheric Environment 77, 927\u2013934, 10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2013.06.019 (2013).","journal-title":"Atmospheric Environment"},{"key":"BFsrep35992_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9059","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-10-9059-2010","volume":"10","author":"JN Crowley","year":"2010","unstructured":"Crowley, J. N. et al. Evaluated kinetic and photochemical data for atmospheric chemistry: Volume V - heterogeneous reactions on solid substrates. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10, 9059\u20139223, 10.5194\/acp-10-9059-2010 (2010).","journal-title":"Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics"},{"key":"BFsrep35992_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2013.05.012","volume":"77","author":"B Zhao","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zhao, B. et al. Impact of national NOx and SO2 control policies on particulate matter pollution in China. Atmospheric Environment 77, 453\u2013463, 10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2013.05.012 (2013).","journal-title":"Atmospheric Environment"},{"key":"BFsrep35992_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6637","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-15-6637-2015","volume":"15","author":"X Fu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fu, X. et al. Estimating NH3 emissions from agricultural fertilizer application in China using the bi-directional CMAQ model coupled to an agro-ecosystem model. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15, 6637\u20136649, 10.5194\/acp-15-6637-2015 (2015).","journal-title":"Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics"},{"key":"BFsrep35992_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3181","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-6-3181-2006","volume":"6","author":"A Guenther","year":"2006","unstructured":"Guenther, A. et al. Estimates of global terrestrial isoprene emissions using MEGAN (Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature). Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 6, 3181\u20133210 (2006).","journal-title":"Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep35992.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep35992","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep35992.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]],"date-time":"2024-06-20T05:42:53Z","timestamp":1718862173000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep35992"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,26]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,21]]}},"alternative-id":["BFsrep35992"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep35992","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 August 2016","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 October 2016","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 October 2016","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing financial interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"35992"}}