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However, FDA-approved pharmacologic treatments for VS do not exist. Sulforaphane (SFN) is a naturally occurring isothiocyanate found in cruciferous vegetables, such as broccoli, with potent chemoprotective effects in several cell types. Our objective was to determine whether SFN is effective against VS <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>. Human primary VS cells, HEI-193 schwannoma cells, and SC4 Nf2<jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup> Schwann cells were used to investigate the inhibitory effects of SFN <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>. Cell proliferation was assessed by bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation, and cell viability and metabolic activity was calculated by MTT assay. Apoptosis was measured by flow cytometry, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining, and Western blot for cleaved caspases. A mouse model with a murine schwannoma allograft was also used to examine the antitumor activity of SFN. SFN exhibited significant antiproliferative activity in schwannoma cells <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>, via the inhibition of HDAC activity and the activation of ERK. SFN treatment induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at the G2\/M phase. SFN also significantly inhibited schwannoma growth <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>. Our preclinical studies motivate a future prospective clinical study of SFN for the treatment of VS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/srep36215","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,2]],"date-time":"2016-11-02T10:36:05Z","timestamp":1478082965000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Sulforaphane, a natural component of broccoli, inhibits vestibular schwannoma growth in vitro and in vivo"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Bo Gyung","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takeshi","family":"Fujita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konstantina M.","family":"Stankovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. 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