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However, there is limited experimental evidence of the mechanisms linking chronic noise stress and glucose metabolism. We addressed this in the present study by examining glucose metabolism, immune response, and changes in gut microbiota\/host inflammatory homeostasis in rats exposed to noise for 30 consecutive days. Chronic noise exposure increased blood glucose and corticosterone levels for at least 14 days after cessation of noise. Stressed rats also exhibited elevated levels of glycogen and triglyceride in the liver and impaired hepatic insulin production via insulin-induced insulin receptor\/insulin receptor substrate 1\/glycogen synthase kinase 3\u03b2 signalling, which persisted for 3\u201314 days after cessation of noise exposure. Chronic noise altered the percentage of Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria in the gut, increasing <jats:italic>Roseburia<\/jats:italic> but decreasing <jats:italic>Faecalibacterium<\/jats:italic> levels in the cecum relative to controls. Immunoglobulin A, interleukin 1\u03b2, and tumor necrosis factor \u03b1 levels were also elevated in the intestine of these animals, corresponding to noise-induced abnormalities in glucose regulation and insulin sensitivity. These results suggest that lifelong environmental noise exposure could have cumulative effects on diabetes onset and development resulting from alterations in gut microbiota composition and intestinal inflammation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/srep36693","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,4]],"date-time":"2016-11-04T10:05:01Z","timestamp":1478253901000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":87,"title":["Effects of chronic noise on glucose metabolism and gut microbiota\u2013host inflammatory homeostasis in rats"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Bo","family":"Cui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhihui","family":"Gai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaojun","family":"She","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhuge","family":"Xi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFsrep36693_CR1","first-page":"5","volume":"6","author":"H Ising","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ising, H. & Kruppa, B. 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