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Yet in various inflammatory gastrointestinal diseases, over-secretion of anions results in symptoms such as severe diarrhoea. Endogenous mediators, such as vasoactive intestinal peptide or prostaglandin E<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> (PGE<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>), regulate intestinal anion\/fluid secretion, but their direct effect on purified human IECs has never been described in detail. Based on a previously described intestinal organoid swelling model, we established a 3D-scanner-assisted quantification method to evaluate the anion\/fluid secretory response of cultured human IECs. Among various endogenous secretagogues, we found that PGE<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> had the lowest EC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> value with regard to the induction of swelling of the jejunal and colonic organoids. This PGE<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>-mediated swelling response was dependent on environmental Cl<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup> concentrations as well as on several channels and transporters as shown by a series of chemical inhibitor studies. The concomitant presence of various inflammatory cytokines with PGE<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> failed to modulate the PGE<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>-mediated organoid swelling response. Therefore, the present study features PGE<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> as a direct and robust mediator of anion\/fluid secretion by IECs in the human intestine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/srep36795","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,9]],"date-time":"2016-11-09T10:09:26Z","timestamp":1478686166000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["PGE2 is a direct and robust mediator of anion\/fluid secretion by human intestinal epithelial cells"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Satoru","family":"Fujii","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kohei","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ami","family":"Kawamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fumiaki","family":"Ishibashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toru","family":"Nakata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatsuro","family":"Murano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Go","family":"Ito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiromichi","family":"Shimizu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomohiro","family":"Mizutani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shigeru","family":"Oshima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiichiro","family":"Tsuchiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tetsuya","family":"Nakamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akihiro","family":"Araki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuo","family":"Ohtsuka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryuichi","family":"Okamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mamoru","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFsrep36795_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200318326","volume":"111","author":"M Field","year":"2003","unstructured":"Field, M. 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